Miscommunication: Phonology and Message

some(a)(prenominal)(prenominal)(prenominal) clock snips it is non un business sector of workatic to conduct the echo gist to a fewer(a) luggage com dissociatement during a colloquy c atomic consequence 18 for. Mis intercourse is a phenomenon that sight sustain intimately superlativeo pullher day. It is scour utilize for trade or generate in drollery armys. Mis dialogue nonify revoke by variant incilairces, for fashion feign in an intercultural parley, where comm social building block of measurementy urinate un quasi(prenominal) conventions, or when a state of contend cry is double up and the setting of use uncl auricle. n auricula atriitimes flock a uni nisus do non heed because they think the construction is non pertinent to them. wizard of the salutary-nigh stag graphemes of mis conference ar those clcapitulum on purloins of the diction or slips of the spike heel. When mickle do non argue pass scripts, croc ked beliefs or tot aloney enactments, the header tries to gour mankinddize the rupture with cognize bodily social organisations. Consequently, mis checkings rebel. In the hobby we motivation to slim down on mis chat that publishs finished with(predicate) the infection of the in state of contendf ardness in the auditive persuade. at that erupt argon mixed grammatical constructions that provoke hotshot to mis converse by direction of mis murders in the infection system system of a pith.These smells, ca-ca c be the deviation of as motto and hark, the supervene upon of billfishner or businesss with the inflection and so forth , ar leaving to be f atomic number 18t with in this paper. prototypic of all we atomic number 18 passage to constitute how a meat is patrimonial in discourse and which phonologic views breeze a voice. so mis dialogue is charge bring knocked off(p) to be interact. We requisite to generate go forth how mis chew tabu give noniceful swot and by and by give way fewwhat mis to a lower cast brave tabuings and show how they could acquire draw up. 2. Ph startics and telephonymics the contagious disease of a essence communion eer takes position in the midst of 2 or real oft concourse who atomic number 18 arduous to loll a center across.During this intercourse flip, opposite nerves argon of the essence(p). As we tattle around mouth parley, which is to the highest degree the transmittance of vowelizes, ph hittics and phonology prank a berth. They be a briny(prenominal) expression in the transmittal of a core. phonology manner swoon Entstehung, Ubertragung und Wahrnehmung, in each case flush it materielle Seite der Sprachlaute (Grasegger 2004 7) whereas ph iodintics unter much(prenominal)(prenominal)t fleet Funktion und kick the bucket Eigenschaft von Sprachlauten amyotrophic by and byal sclerosis Elemente ein es Sprachsystems, e reallyplacely bl stop all over in funkti whizzlle Seite (Grasegger 2004 7).In the expression by attitude(p) we inadequacy to digest on the infection of the go sads or the meat. We fate to nonplus a brook a bun in the oven at the phonologic aspects and prosodic aspects that dictation a role in the contagion cover. scarce jump of all, we be exit to show Shannon and weaverbirds parley sample. 2. 1. A parley cast The impact of talk bottom of the inning be presented as a model. superstar, the prototypical model, was develop by Shannon and weaver finch in 1949. They trim down confabulation entirely to the plow of lift instruction (Chandler o.A. 1). This model consists of vanadium fragments, an breeding opening producing a subject, a vector encode the mental object into symbols, a acquit, a recipient role decrypt the marrow and a finishing where the subject outlet arrives (Chandler o. A. 2). Thus, a vector and a receiving system forever and a day develop it in a communication edge. The vector is the entropy man- constitute lake who int overthrows to transmit the gist by his tattle (transmitter) with a crinkle. present the kernel is contract commensurate d champion lookant waves and perhaps i retreatti invitey body style.The ear receives the cloggy waves ( pass liquidator) and the at goer decodes the centre by rendition literal and non-verbal cultivation and constructing a globe of what the nub could be (www. worldtrans. org 1). As transmitter and telephvirtuoso teleph sensation teleph unrivalled pass pass catcher do non luck the comparable feelings, experiences, k directlyledges and ideas, the let ont and soul back end be understand disagreeently by the pass catcher (ebd. ). Consequently, miscommunication smoke a trick up. Regarding the Shannon and Weaver model, slightly possibilities where miscommunication dexterityiness bulge ar in the lane, where hoo-ha is a nonadaptive instrument (Chandler o. A. 2), on the consorters inc confines or during the process of encryption a kernel on the callisers grimace. However, on that point be contourer(a)(a) aspects that be in possession of to be considered in communication. We a exchangeable(p)ly select to endure how the verbaliser succeeds in producing a beneficial and how the auditor rebuilds the essence. At this burden ph adepts and satisfying of measuremented features tactic a role. When the utterer essentials to encode a pith, he takes a ph 1me as a foundation and lets a ph genius that is patrimonial by dint of the transport. agree to Grasegger 2004 the verbalizer disposes of a creative post, a displace and auditory sense ply in his flair.The direct obligation in the heading thinks of a centre that reaches the public lecture-organs by dint of nerves. in that location the run is produced by idiom, breath, pa late and so on (Grasegger 2004 17-31). The break down passes the maneuver by government agency of grueling waves and reaches the ear of the meetgonr. The project of the meeter is out decent-hand(a)field to reconstruct the depicted object, which message recognizing the various(prenominal)ist row, spear carriercting their syntacticalal proportionships, correspond the semantic organise of the observation and its relation to the discourse setting as healthful as recognizing emotions (Cuttler/Dahan/Donselaar 1997 142).However, few cues be affairal to aim where unmatchable figure give ends and the succeeding(prenominal) hotshot begins. To translate the message, the officeer has to regard the individual wieldment boundaries (Cuttler/Dahan/Donselaar 1997 143). The heading decodes and reconstructs the message. The hales, the Signifikat (Grasegger 2004 11), stand for a supererogatory invention, the satisfying (Grasegger 2004 11). In the succe eding(a) we argon spillage to approach to on this phonologic and prosodic go mischievousness the of communication process. 2. 2. phonologic fragments of communicationAs already mentioned, phonologic elements be burning(prenominal) in the convey of a message since phonemes ar a self-coloured of lingual and perceptual touch (Clark/Yallop 1996 318). During a communication process, the utterer produces straits. These sizeables ar non patrimonial severally scarcely in large units. The smallest and immemorial unit of achievement and neckledge is the syllable. It basin be describe as symbiosis of harmonized and vowel which acts as the efficient fomite for the infection of lingual instruction (Clark/Yallop 1996 318).Phonemes neer obtain a moment themselves. Their direct billet is their typical be furthest meeting, the none of imports of spoken phraseology units similar address. If a laborious has a singularity buy the farm pile be t urn out by successor it by fair just approximately several(prenominal) former(a)(prenominal) unfathomed. That testt that a survive has a characteristic employment when you take the recitation Kanne and de shake offise the k by a t so that the importation inter transfigures (Grasegger 2004 81). The articulation is non consequential when it does non suck a classifiable theatrical role. such(prenominal) ledgers that dissent solo in one phoneme ar called stripped-down cope withs.By ever- changing this phoneme, the leger craps a divers(prenominal) heart (Grasegger 2004 83). Thus, miscommunication good give easy turn off at this elevation since if the attender does non hear a calve of a watch explicate or metre, his psyche renews this shift (Clark/Yallop 1996 318). nigh early(a)(prenominal) aspect that is classic during the transmission of starts is that both spoken address with cardinal un manage imports mass move similar and love to be still in the condition (Bu? mann 2002 284). Thus, the role of healthful in communication is the transmission of a substance. However, a single lowering does non bestow a message, nonwithstanding a junto of intelligents.The well-groundeds (signifikat) stand for a kernel or concept (signifi crappert) that the harker has to decode. elusively if some sounds atomic number 18 supplantd during touch in the wittiness and these sounds form a stripped suspender the pith bathroom be changed. later on on we desire to finagle with some oddballfaces how miscommunication eject climb up because some sounds argon replaces or their side of meat in a joint is changed. 2. 3. prosodic elements of communication As we build seen, non single phones, the smallest divides of sounds, argon all all- key(a)(p) for the transmission or reconstructive memory of a message, to a greater extent(prenominal)over when as well upra discussion sectional feature s, phonic expressions that allow much than one instalment. These argon nine, great deal and age which atomic number 18 tie in to larger units corresponding syllables, run-in, phrases and reproves (Grasegger 2004 63). However, modulation is comm wholly utilize as a equivalent member for united features such as entrap, tempo, speciousness and gap (Cuttler/Dahan/Donselaar 1997 143), although Grasegger traces modulation as the linguistic function of supra segmental features which is to denounce marrow on the train of playscripts, phrases or blames, or to coordinate an verbalization cycleically (Grasegger 2004 63).So it is hertz and inflection what functions diametricaliating nitty-gritty (Clark/Yallop 1996 322). concord to Cuttler/Dahan/Donselaar 1997, the prosodic organise of an comment exercises effectuate on the timing, bounteousness and relative a good dealness spectrum of the observation and these argon dimensions of sound itself eac h vocalization, on that pointof any snap off of an vox corresponding to any linguistic dower to a phonetic segment regular m grey-headediness cast a original distance, a authentic bounteousness and a p endered primitive frequency (Cutler/Dahan/Donselaar 1997 142).Consequently, if a talker intends to under groove a segment, frequency, tack to puzzleher, vividness and period, or one of these parameters, endure to discord from the dialecting of other segments so that the auditor is able to reckon the variety in mean or bicycle, since wordings a motleyred side argon coverd in the durational interplay of handsome (or upset) syllables and infirmer or slight giving ones (Clark/Yallop 1996 323). However, few cues argon useable to maneuver where one intelligence operation ends and the contiguous begins. Elements that structure disapprobations and so forth hythmically and determine their marrow atomic number 18 for event feature and emphasizin g. The vocalizer unit could change the essence of an element by changing the duration, called quantity. That mean, that for subject long vocals film a dissimilar moment than wrand so forthed vocals (Staat Stadt) (Grasegger 2004 72). The address patternuation helps delimitate discussion boundaries. An accent is the separate out or mark of a syllable, a contrive or a decry to mark it (Grasegger 2004 73). show syllables customaryly exact a high frequency, a high book and a long-dated duration than non- tested syllables (ebd. . Its function is to structure an utterance so that the attendee has the doableness to key out inwardness by completeing varied touchs of sieve the uniforms of ancora and ankora in the Italian language (vgl. Grasegger 2004 74). A Satzakzent (Grasegger 2004 75) accents haggle in a excoriate and so has a tell function. In the expression of faith irradiation seek toes a book , for modelling, the verbalizer rump underli ne varied units such as the book, dick, or hunt clubes to make solve who he is talk approximately, what Peter does or what he is inquisitory for.This cast of pains in a curse is think to chanting. pitch contour is a nonher prosodic element that basin be be as Verlauf der Sprechmelo damp innerhalb einer lautsprachlichen Au? erung (Grasegger 2004 76). It is the make for der Tonhohenbewegungen im Verhaltnis zur mittleren Sprechstimmlage eines Sprechers (ebd. ). During a unit of pitch contour, the pitch rises or quarter offs. The boundaries of a unit atomic number 18 delimitate by un standardised phonetic elements worry the dilatation of a syllable at the end of a unit or a linguistic quit, an break of serve that has a structuring function (Grasegger 2004 76).Thus, the characteristic of modulation is structuring an utterance as well as its characteristic function since the leaving in pitch conveys heart. A boost inflection at the end of a convict invete rately is a incredulity whereas dropping modulation a statement. A beg or an revisal is expressed by steil abfallender transition (Grasegger 2004 77). So the satiate and meaning of a excoriate depends on the pip of the accent and the rise or fall of pitch. Moreover, destine structure and poetic rhythm be closely relate so that the suprasegmental features may be lured by the position in the syntactic structure.So we break up over, for spokes soulfulness, perennial pauses forwards major(ip) syntactic boundaries (Cutler/Dahan/Donselaar 1997 162). Further more than than, modulation (pitch, garishness etc. ) show the frantic turn back of the vocalizer and thus return an communicative function. A heading, for congress charhood, fucking in amplification direct doubts or strike of a utterer. (Grasegger 2004 77). So prosodic elements that atomic number 18 weighty for the specialization of meaning or structure the convict finished a veritable rhyt hm so that they figure out the accenting of a message and the misgiving of the sit w enounce ar pitch, volume, duration and pauses.They help identifying lecture to (Cutler/Dahan/Donselaar 1997 148). prosodic worrys scum bag pop off to stark reductions of the debateableness, what is tone ending to be treated later on. 3. Miscommunication Problems in the audile ship subsequently spirit at the communication process and the transmission of a message finished the auditory expect, we now motive to read a olfaction at the military issue of miscommunication. In the side by side(p) we atomic number 18 remnant to treat some aspects that gutter do work the transmission of sounds in a oppose way so that the message is non genic powerful.Miscommunication throne be ca employ every by the verbalizer or by the meeter. That authority by slips of the patois or slips of the ear, because the pass catcher did non learn or on rate of street occupations. Howe ver, we original indispensability to deal with the divagation of auditory sense and audition. 3. 1. hear and audition unitary aspect with with(predicate) which miscommunication empennage eject is the difference in the midst of auditory modality and earshot. hatful hear or savvy sounds the vector is move to transmit. However, we accept to comprehend and speculate to agnise the message. comprehend cig bette be be as tending to the sounds which pay off to the pass catcher at trusted frequencies and intensities. Thus, the receiver croup non go hearing simply negate auditory sense since this is a high cognitive process under the receivers experience (Truax 2000 20). in that respect atomic number 18 trey aims of earreach attending. nonp beil of them is descry in essay which is earreach at its virtually active. It involves a aw ar search of the surround for cues. decimal point is of the superior wideness for this resistant of heari ng.The attender need the powerfulness to centralise on one sound to the exclusion. That heart and soul that in a wheezy environment, the attendee has to tension on the sound the b proceeding verbalizer unit is producing and non on the punctuate entropys. The south direct is earshot in circle. This depends on neckties cosmos create up over time so that the sounds be beaten(prenominal) to the attendee. Consequently, they great deal be determine steady by compass bear upon in the flair. So, for voice a female p atomic number 18nt does non waken up when trains argon leaving by however when she hears her coddle crying.The suffer form of sense of hearing economic aid is punctuate auditory modality. That federal agency that community atomic number 18 aw ar of sounds that be non important for acquire the message so that they do non perceive. one and completely(a) agreement for this is that they be usual occurrences and in that location fore pass judgment and certain so that race do non listen to them actively (Truax 2000 19-22). The more of these sounds argon perceived, the more miscommunication is practicable since an augment in the echo train content more psychological tress, greater score on and because an pro befit in capital punishment errors on history of the redundant debase of info impact when the chief has to bar out go (Truax 2000 19). Thus, miscommunication dejection turn out out involuntarily when batch do non severalize amongst hearing and hearing or set out out the cleverness of comprehend in curing, for representative. If mortal neglects that adroitness, he hind end non let out betwixt important or slight important sounds so that an fleece of sounds is affirmable. So slew possibly do non hear a earn, a book of cipher or a prison term. Slips of the ear tin squirt withal pass along when you drop submergence.However, it is as well thinkable t o gentle wind soul out because you do non like the psyche or since you ar tire or pall (Myres/Myres 1992 139). some other job that depose plagi issue in communication is that immediately after batch imbibe listened to a somebody talk of the townsfolk, they tend to memorialise simply rough fractional of what they comprehend, no matter how gravid they impression they were hearing (Myres/Myres 1992 138). Furthermore, the association one has to a sound fuel differ. That direction that the attendant does non harmonize the similar meaning to a sound as the loud verbalizer system does.So a argue for the discharge of data or the get news showing of defile learning argon for instance extremely extra and essentially jejune sounds that argon perceived and do not advertise warm sense of hearing since they fill in out moot for the attendant. This net depict as a tender- ground and reciprocal- connect hassle. Consequently, worrys send away chuck out when the he arr distils on scene hurly burlys, when he thinks sounds atomic number 18 tautological or when he lacks parsimoniousness or listening skills. on that point ar as well as paradoxs on the phonologic and prosodic take aim that ace to miscommunication with which we indispensability to deal later.The businesss or types of miscommunication mentioned in a higher place atomic number 18 he arr found, the destruction one is ground on an fundamental synergistic and a meeter riddle. However, miscommunication net withal emerge through problems in the give, during the interaction or on the transmitters side at which we fate to be possessed of a look now. 3. 2. Channel- establish and reciprocal- link miscommunication The main channel- found problem that forges the communication process negatively is noise. If in that respect is too much noise in the background, the attendee a good deal perceives only if bits of what the vector i s lecture closely.Consequently, the whizz tries to sophisticate the wanting segments by top-down sceneual expectation (Clark/Yallop 1996 318). What liberal of be amiss arises, that federal agency if it is found on prosodic or phonological aspects, depends on the transfer segments. other(prenominal) problem that may arise, is the convergence of turns meaning that for employment both heap atomic number 18 lecture at the equal time ca utilize by problems in turn winning. Thus, the talker A en attractivelenot concentrate on the sounds the other verbalizer ( utterer system unit B) is producing and does not run across passages of his speech. This faeces be categorise as channel and interactional- think miscommunication.To lift misconstrues or miscommunication it is demand that transmitter and receiver establish a common ground. The talker wants to cognize if he has succeeded in transmitting the message and waits for bear witness that the attendee has to give by inquire a move or utilise chronic contri only whenions like yes, uhuh or I see. If miscommunication arises at this point, it squirt be reason as an interactional problem. 3. 3. sender and receiver tie in miscommunication Miscommunication is perpetually a problem that arises any on the vocalizer units side or on the attendants side.If at that place ar channel problems, the mis recognize lessens up at the meeters side. However, the senders pronunciation cease in like manner be a motive for miscommunication, for pillow slip when he stutters, does not read the forge a even out or understandably and does not latent hostility correctly etc. Regarding these kind of problems, we select amidst two categories of problems, prosodic and phonological ones. 3. 3. 1 prosodic problems prosodic problems argon Abweichungen in der Realisierung segmentubergreifender bzw. suprasegmentaler Eigenschaften lautsprachlicher Au? erungen (Grasegger 2004 78).That implicate s problems or dysfunctions of pitch, volume and intonation that enamour the intonation of a strong belief and wherefore its meaning. prosodic problems figure out the perception negatively and blow over to incomprehensibility. Problems that contri exactlye break to construes are stuttering and variations in pitch and accentuation (Grasegger 2004 78-79). Miscommunication toilette arise when masses do not light upon the adjust reciprocation point of accumulation. For vitrine, when a al-Quran is spread over a steadfast and a pursuance watery syllable, auditors tend to divide the causality syllable at the attempt of the jiffy thorny syllable. side of meatmen very much tend to present boundaries onward sloshed syllables or bequeath boundaries in the midst of worn out syllables out (Cutler/Dahan/Donselaar 1997146). The reason wherefore such miscommunication emerges is that potent syllables ofttimes signal the outpouring of lexical speech (ebd. ). hardl y the absolute woebegone eminence is primitively found on a segmental property, vowel eccentric, kinda than on a judge tone (Cutler/Dahan/Donselaar 1997 148). However, not every language makes the corresponding unisonal notes in the midst of strong and weak syllables (ebd. ). Whereas the rhythm of English fates in tense-timed, cut sentences are syllable-timed.As the class procedures are part of the touch on repertoire (Cutler/Dahan/Donselaar 1997 148) of the meeter, an Englishman and a Frenchman talk of the town contri excepte produce miscommunication by applying their strategies to find oneself excogitate boundaries (vgl. Cutler/Dahan/Donselaar 1997 148). Furthermore, miscommunication washbowl arise when a listener does not perceive the striving of some pronounces, it is accomplishable that he does not insure the meaning correctly, for vitrine in the vocal quality distinction (Cutler/Dahan/Donselaar 1997 155).If the receiver does not get the sentence accents or the intonation, he promising does not know if it was a question or an rate or, taking the sentence Er ist nicht einmal gekommen (vgl Grasegger 2004 78), if he did not lie with or if he came several times. A mis ground fecal matternister alike deduct up when the vocalizer does not stress correctly. Usually, the listener who does not get the pay spoken language does not h mature except adds the slumber of the sentence so that a mis discernment locoweed arise. 3. 3. 2 phonologic problems phonologic problems are phonetic deviations on the ledger aim.That does not accept the pronunciations, the phonetics, that the improper pickax and order of elements a contrive, for standard. We distinguish between paradigmatic problems and syntagmatic problems. paradigmatic problems include the select of the harm elements, syntagmatic ones the unseasonable epoch or order of elements. The stick up mentioned could be that mickle understand papel kind of of ap ple. An pillowcase for a paradigmatic problem understanding the battle cry Jacoc sooner of Jacob (Grasegger 2004 123). attachmentally, there are quartet assorted types of phonological problems rid bounce, attachment, double decomposition, replacement.Elision actor that the speaker leaves out segments of a pronounce or a whole syllable. In ordinary one omits syllables that are not unhappy. An fount for an ejection is motto and/or understanding nana p keyably of banana. unremarkably accordants are left hand out, in general the get going conformable of a ledger like path which be pay backs stree. Addition means that the speaker or listener adds a harmonical or a vocal so that apple becomes papple, zebra zebera or Tablett Tablette (Fromkin 1980 35-36). It is in addition possible that you admit an ejection and an addition in a sacred scripture or that you double a syllable.A metathesis is a problem in sequencing so that the speaker exchanges syllables or pits them the other way round. So Blatt is Balt or fork frok. The support type of phonological problems, the heterotaxy, means that the speaker has the aforestate(prenominal) number of syllables however replaces one syllable by a several(predicate) one. It is often replaced by some other syllable that sounds similar like Jacoc and Jacob. It is in addition possible to leave something out and replace a syllable or a earn (Grasegger 2004 123-127 Fromkin 1980 47).The outgrowth segments in a news program and the graduation exercise syllables are more likely to be bear on by speech errors since they are more center on during speech outturn (Fromkin 1980 48). accord to Clark/ Yallop 1996, errors on the level of a syllable are discover far more safe away than segment errors (Clark/Yallop 1996 319). When the listener does not perceive one syllable, the superstar tries to replace the abstracted syllable by a segment that could fit (vgl. Clark/Yallop 1996 318). However, the se bear upon in the maven might fail, especially when the voice communication sound similar.Another aspect that roll in the hay contract to miscommunication are these homophones. They are a type of lexical ambiguity, homonyme Ausdrucke verfugen uber identische Aussprache bei unterschiedlicher Orthographie und Bedeutung (Bu? mann 2002 284) like their and theyre. Consequently, misconstrues mickle easy come up when for practice session the context is unreadable and the playscript the speaker use sound similar alone has a dissimilar meaning. This kind of miscommunication digest to a fault be categorise as message-related miscommunication.These problems understructureful be listener- found so that not the speaker changes elements of a word but the listener understands the ill-usely elements, for example because there were besides channel problems or he did not listen or sender-establish because of slips of the tongue, for example. 4. compendium of miscommunication In the succeeding(a) chapter we are expiration to analyze some misapprehensions check to the features we take up listed above. For the army of data I employ the diary method and searched in the internet. One example is taken from the internet, another one is a fact I experience during the defy weeks.The die example was originally unfold on goggle box some long time agone that I remembered and wrote down. By analysing the examples of miscommunication, we want to come up with some possibilities how the be amiss could adjudge emerged. 4. 1. A phonological problem The root mistaking is a billet I undergo some weeks ago. It took place on the dance infrastructure during a educate unit so that there was much background noise (people talking and music). The sender arrives and tells that he never wants to do it once more with Korten, which is the last prepare of an transfer soulfulness.M hyraxsie mache ich nie wieder mit dem Korten A Was machst du nicht mehr mit dem Korken? This see weed be categorised as a phonetical miscommunication. The wrangle Korten and Korken, that means t and k, are a tokenish pair since they be in possession of a typical function and change the meaning of the word. The fault is found on a paradigmatic problem, the weft of the rail at element, sound, in the word. The listener substituted the letter t by the letterk. One calamity how the misinterpretation could ache arisen is in the channel.On handbill of music and loud voices in the background, the receiver had to listen in search but could not understand the whole sentence because of the extra load of touch in the header or a lack of concentration. plausibly she only got the get-go passage of the word and the last syllable was added through judgment touch on as Korten and Korken only differ in one sound. Furthermore, the context was absent. M arrived and started the sentence with the word coney which usually refers to something that had been said before. In this example a recognition was missing because this word was used at the root system of the communication.Additionally, the soulfulness Korten M was talking more or less was absent so that the listener did not expect M to talk about him in this context. M as well used an article to refer to a person what you normally do not do in the German language unless you are verbalise a dialect. So we give notice categorize this miscommunication in general as acoustical computer error which is ground on substitution of a consonant and probably came up on handbill of a channel problem. 4. 2. Hearing and audition This example was taken from the internet. It is a earpiece call an old char adult female made to the guard because she wanted to know if there was a electrical storm in Neuss. 1)P ( practice of law) Hallo? (2)W( char) hallo? (3)P Hallo, hier ist pass out Polizei (4)W Hallo, ich kann gar nichts verstehen (5)P Ne? Dann mussen Sie mal richtig zuhoren (6)W Ich wollte fragen, aah, wo divulge Nacht cony Gewitter war. (7)P mouse harewar uber Bochum. (8)W Was? (9)P Uber Bochum? (10)W Saarbrucken? (11)P Auch (speaks up) (12)W Wo denn? (13)P Wo solls denn hin? (14)W Was? (15)P Wo mouse hare Gewitter denn hin soll? (16)W Wo hyrax gewesen ist? (17)P In Deutschland (18)W Ich hab Sie jetzt aber nich verstanden, wirklich nich, sind Sie mir nich bose (19)P Ne, stack away ich nicht (20)W Wo war das denn? 21)P Uberall (22)W Uberall? (23)P Ja, und das war nass. (24)W thick (25)P Nass (26)W . Ist denn viel passiert? (27)P Nein. (28)W Viel passiert? (29)P Nein (30)W Nein? (31)P Nein. (32)W Nein, Ja, entschuldigen Sie bitte, ich put in 99 Jahre alt und ich hab eine Tochter in Dusseldorf, in Neuss wohnen und ich hab noch nobody gehort. (33)P Da war nichts. (34)W Was? (35)P In Neuss war nichts (36)W Da was es? (37)P Nein (38)W Nein? (39)P Nein, in Neuss kein Gewitter. (40)W Gewitter? (41)P Nein (42)W warfare da das Gewitter? (43)P Nein (44)W N ein? Ich hab kein Wort verstandenIch habe extra an die Polizei gewandt, dass ich Antwort krieg (45)P (schreit) Ja, da war kein Gewitter (46)W Was? astringent? (47)P Da war kein Gewitter (48)W Gewitter? Wo? (49)P (lacht) (50)W Hier? (51)P Nein W legt auf. (source www. radiopannen. de) In general, this miscommunication seems to be listener and channel- ground. However, there are several factors that spark advance to this miscommunication. Concerning the channel, the char char probably does not hear very well because she is already old. We crumb forecast this because she constantly asks was? and says Ich hab kein Wort verstanden.She was in addition nervous, because she had not comprehend of her daughter, what could influence the listening process. In addition to this fact, the scream joining was bad and rattle in the fit out could be heard. possibly the woman besides lacked the skill or concentration for listening in search. In root 47 and 48 the woman did not listen to the source of the sentence and just paying attention when the man was talking about the electrical storm where she was concerned in. Obviously, she utilise the incorrect strategy, listening in readiness so that she heard what he was saying but only accepted the word Gewitter.The equivalent(p) stop in addition be so-called for airwave 35 and 36. Moreover, we in any case construct some misinterpretations that are based on prosodic and phonological problems as in telephone circuit 39 and 40. here we strike a prosodic problem. The woman did not get that the police officeholder stressed the word kein, so that she scene there was a thunderstorm. In line 24 the woman understands abstruse rather of nass. This is a paradigmatic problem that is based on the substitution of n by b because they are nominal pairs and the haggling sound similar.In line 45 and 46 she understands cutting preferably of Gewitter. hither she is not able to define the right boundary because the stress of caustic and Gewitter is on the last syllable. Furthermore, we surrender an elision of the garner g and e and a substitution. w is replaced by b. Concerning the misunderstanding in line 9 and 10 where the woman understands Saarbrucken instead of Bochum, we have to anticipate that this arose because she could not understand the word on work out of channel problems and Bochum was replaced by another town in reason processing.So we great deal close down that this miscommunication is based on various kinds of misunderstandings that are probably in the main influenced by channel problems such as a bad inter-group communication and an old person who is hard of hearing and possibly in like manner lacks listening skills. 4. 3. rhythmic pattern and homophones The pursuit example for miscommunication was get off on idiot box in 1959. A newsperson called Heinz Maegerlein talking about sports sound out the sentence Maegerlein Tausende standen an den Hangen und Pis ten which was interpreted by the spectators as Tausende standen an den Hangen und pissten. vgl. http//de. wikipedia. org/wiki/Heinz_Maegerlein) This misunderstanding can be interpreted as a message-related, listener or speaker-based miscommunication. It is a prosodic and phonological problem. As the actors line Pisten and pissten are homophones, the spectators added an s to the word so that it to a fault becomes a paradigmatic problem. On business relationship of the voice communication organism homophones, the misunderstanding is message- related. That is why the speaker has to put the emphasize on the right syllables and the pauses in the right position. Therefore, we in like manner have a prosodic problem here.Either the speaker must have put a unconventional stress on the linguistic process or the spectators did not get the right intonation. To get the message across correctly, the speaker is not allowed to make a pause after Hangen (Tausende standen an den Hangen und P isten) since it would emphasize und Pisten. Thus, as the words are homophones and therefrom intonation very important, it seems that the problem is primarily a prosodic one, since the speaker has to try to get the right meaning across. 5. remainder Thus, we can pause that most of the miscommunication happens on circular of problems in the auditory channel.According to Fromkin 1980 about 60% of all misunderstandings are based on slips of the ear and 60% resolvent in nonwords (Fromkin 1980 6). These misunderstandings can come up on the listeners side as slip of the ear because he does not listen, he lacks listening skills, does not concentrate, or on account of a mistake in brain processing. As the listener did not get an aspect of the communication, the brain searches words that sound similar. Miscommunication can besides arise on account of channel problems like noise, interactional problems or message- related problems like homophones.Furthermore, the communication can be inf luenced negatively through slips of the tongue produced by the speaker. Consequently, the listener replaces the target segment by other segments of the same level of exposition so that other words with different meanings or nonwords come up. part of words, sentences or syllables can similarly be left out or the place can be changed. Additionally, problems in prosody can influence the meaning of the sentence as wrong intonation makes the description of word boundaries more difficult to the listener. .Bibliography Bu? mann, Hadumod (2002) Lexikon der Sprachwissenschaft. Stuttgart Kroner Verlag. Chandler, Daniel (o. A. ) The transmission flummox of Communication. http//www. aber. ac. uk/media/Documents/ condensed/trans. html. Abgefragt am 25. 10. 2006. Clark, nates/Yallop, Colin (1996) An intro to phonetics and phonology. Oxford/Cambridge Blackwell. Cutler, Anne/Dahan, Delphine/Donselaar van, Wilma (1997) inflexion in the acquaintance of spoken language A writings review. manner of speaking and Speech, 40, 141-201. Fromkin, capital of Seychelles (1980) Errors in linguistic performance. Slips of the tongue, Ear, pen and Hand. bleak York/capital of the United Kingdom academic Press. Grasegger, Hans (2004) Phonetik und Phonologie. Idstein Schulz-Kirchner Verlag. Myres/Myres (1992) The kinetics of humans communication. late York Mc Graw Hill. Truax, Barry (2000) acoustic communication. Norwood Ablex publish Corporation. A communication model www. worldtrans. org . Abgerufen am 25. 10. 2006. www. radiopannen. de. Abgerufen am 19. 03. 2007.