Old and New Testament Essay

In Mary Shelley’s novel, Frankenstein, the central theme for discussion is the relationship that exists between the creator and that which he is creating. In this particular work, Shelley focuses on a scientist who makes his life’s work out of manipulating molecules to create his own special brand of humanity. In addition to that, the author touches on issues of good and evil in regards to how Dr. Victor Frankenstein develops his own human being. In this work, the relationship between the master and his creation parallels those themes of â€Å"God† and â€Å"human†, which are addressed in the Bible, by providing a commentary on the idea of good and evil. The emotional roller coaster that the creator goes through in Frankenstein is not only poignant, but it also a very important aspect of the story. After assembling the monster, Dr. Frankenstein finds that he does not feel particularly well about his creation and in fact, he even feels a big of horror because of what he has done. The emotions do not stop there, however. The doctor feels a measure of fear over what he has created, simply because it was even more disgusting and vile than what he had set out to put together. Because of all these emotions, with especially fear, Dr. Frankenstein feels the strong desire to remove himself from the creation that had dominated his life. The realization of what he had created was an important moment in Shelley’s novel and it served as an eye-opener for the doctor, who had immersed himself in the situation so deeply that he could not recognize the beast he was creating. In the story, Shelley writes, â€Å"It was on a dreary night of November, that I beheld the accomplishment of my toils. With an anxiety that almost amounted to agony, I collected the instruments of life around me, that I might infuse a spark of being into the lifeless thing that lay at my feet. It was already one in the morning; the rain pattered dismally against the panes, and my candle was nearly burnt out, when, by the glimmer of the half-extinguished light, I saw the dull yellow eye of the creature open; it breathed hard, and a convulsive motion agitated its limbs,† (Ch. 5, 34-35). In this quotation, the raw emotion and horror of Dr. Frankenstein can be seen. He realizes that he has not created a human being, but rather a monstrous beast. Victor Frankenstein is abhorred at his creation, which is the same sort of sentiment that God expressed in the Old Testament of the Bible when looking at his creation. In that part of the Bible, there are strong themes of destruction that always comes to the most wicked of individuals. Throughout the books, there are numerous examples of God being devastated by what he has created, and then wiping them out because of their wickedness. One of the most well known of these stories is the story of Noah and the flood, where God nearly wipes out the entire race except for one man. In this way, similarities exist between Shelley’s example of creator and creation and the examples set forth in the Bible. Shelley presents Victor as a figure who is quite conflicted. Not only is he strangely devastated by his final creation, but he also has some distaste for himself because he has taken on the role normally reserved for God. Just because he seeks to leave the monster and his bad decisions behind does not mean that the monster is willing to leave him alone, though. In the book, the creation seeks out his creator, looking for the type of belonging that exists between a creator and that thing he has created. The development of Victor as a character can be seen in how he handles the monster in this situation. At one point, the monster comes to Victor with hopes that the doctor might create a female companion for him. The doctor chooses, however, not to do this because of what effect creating one monster has had on his life. In a way, it can be said that he has learned his lesson and he wants nothing to do with the idea of playing God anymore. By doing this, Victor had to make a very difficult choice. In the sense of what is said in the Bible, the creator has a certain responsibility to his creations. Victor chooses to forsake those responsibilities for the simple fact that he is tired of a being a creator and playing God. He would rather watch his creation suffer than have to go through the personal torment of creating another being. The complicated dialogue that occurs in the story as told by Victor Frankenstein is his regret in creating the creature, not firstly due to the monster’s murders but initially due to the failure it represents of Frankenstein’s genius. His endeavors to re-create humanity go asunder with the monster’s ‘birth’ –in the comparison of Victor and god, the destruction of Sodom and Gomorrah is done because God is displeased with humanity despite him making them in his own image; there is too much sin in the cities that the only possible action is to destroy them both. This is the same thought that Victor has in relation to his sinful creation. Victor feels discontent for his decisions for a number of reasons. On one hand, he is ashamed of some of the things that the monster has done. The monster goes out and murders people, causing widespread destruction and pain for many individuals. In some way, Victor feels responsible for this because he created the monster and because he refused to help the monster. In addition, Victor is not content with the fact that he failed miserably in his quest to play God and create the perfect human being. Since the monster is so flawed in so many ways, he is a living, breathing embodiment of the failure that Victor has to put up with each and every day. A Biblical correlation can be drawn in this, as well. In the Bible, God destroys the town of Sodom and Gomorrah because of what it had become. Like Victor, God attempted to create people in his own image, giving them what he thought was the ability to do good. When the town was overrun by gambling, prostitution, and other sin, God had to destroy it in order to preserve humanity. The doctor has the same desire to destroy what the monster has become. In the book, Shelley writes, â€Å"The world was to [him] a secret which [he] desired to divine. Curiosity, earnest research to learn the hidden laws of nature, gladness akin to rapture, as they were unfolded to [him], are among the earliest sensations [he] can remember . . . It was the secrets of heaven and earth that [he] desired to learn; and whether it was the outward substance of things or the inner spirit of nature and the mysterious soul of man that occupied [him], still [his] inquiries were directed to the metaphysical, or in it highest sense, the physical secrets of the world,† (Ch. 2, 18). This quote explains the doctor’s desire to get it right. He did not set out to create a destructive monster, so when that came out as the result, he had an obvious amount of resentment towards his creation. Similarly, God perceives the cities to be nothing but a disgusting waste of his creative power. He sees not the beauty that he hoped to create, but the most vile, disgusting place on earth. Likewise, Victor sees the same sort of disgusting nature in his beast. Victor states in the story, â€Å"†[a] flash of lightning illuminated the object and discovered its shape plainly to me; its gigantic stature, and the deformity of its aspect, more hideous than belongs to humanity, instantly informed me that it was the wretch, the filthy demon to whom [he] had given life. † Victor goes so far as to even give his creation a Satanic moniker, showing the absolute disgust that he has for the beast. This is a clear correlation with the Biblical reference that was presented above. One of the most important parts of the book comes when the monster makes his journey from Ingolstadt to Geneva. Though the monster has great disdain for his relationship with his creator, he is actually free to discover, on his own, ideas about humanity. In this, one can compare the monster to Adam and Eve following their removal from the Garden of Eden. Like those two, the monster is thrown out on his own and he is forced to make his own way. This also causes him a great deal of disgust for his creator, similar to how human beings have disdain for their creator at times. The monster holds these strong feelings of cynicism almost to the end and he applies them to almost every situation in his life. He seeks revenge against Victor because he feels abandoned. In the work, Shelley writes, â€Å", â€Å"‘All men hate the wretched; how then, must I be hated, who am miserable beyond all living things! Yet you, my creator, detest and spurn me, the creature, to whom thou art bound by ties only dissoluble by the annihilation of one of us,'† (Shelley 68). The monster’s revenge causes him to murder Victor’s brother, William. This is the beginning of the absolute hate that exists between Victor and the monster and this powers the action in the book almost exclusively. When the monster turns his disdain into rage and begins to murder everyone close to Victor, he makes the creator hate his creation even more. Victor struggles with this idea, though, as he puts much of the blame on himself since he gave life and power to the monster that now haunts him. As the story progresses, Victor realizes that the only chance he has to give his creation redemption is to remove himself from the earth. His death ultimate allows the monster to serve a different purpose than simply seeking out Victor for revenge. Over the course of the book, Victor’s goal had not been to look after the well being of his creation, but rather to continue his role of playing God. Eventually, he comes to see that his death is the only thing that will give the monster an opportunity. Shelley’s book closes with strong themes of redemption, which are represented in the death of Victor and in the idea that the monster can go on. Victor provides the ultimate abandonment by leaving the earth, but in this act, he is doing a measure of good. The entire book is filled with things that can be linked to the Bible and nowhere is this more evident than in the end. In the Bible, God sacrificed his son to give human beings a chance at redemption. In Shelley’s work, Victor has to sacrifice himself in order to save his creation. It was the ultimate act between a creator and his subject and one that closes the book on the story and its relationship with the Bible. MLA Works Cited: Shelley, Mary. Frankenstein. New York. Dover Publications, Inc. – 1994

Turkish Government Memorandum Regarding

TO: Osman Gunes, Deputy Minister of the Interior, Government of Turkey FROM: Tolgahan P? narsayha, Political Advisor to the Government of Turkey DATE: 10/3/2012 SUBJECT: Addressing the Syrian Refugee Crisis Summary The Turkish Government has spent over $300 million providing for refugees fleeing the conflict in Syria [1]. As a neighboring country with important links to Syria through culture and religion alongside being a democratic country that recognizes international laws regarding refugees, Turkey has an obligation to continue to admit civilians from Syria into its southern provinces.By analyzing Turkey’s political ideals, its adherence to international laws and its ties to Syria and the Islamic world, I emphasize the Government’s duty towards addressing the refugee crisis above any other related issue (as will be further discussed) in this report. Problems associated with the Government’s Allocation of Resources Important issues that may have a bearing on Tu rkey’s provision of adequate resources to refugees include: its support for the Syrian rebels; lack of international action in Syria; and lack of international assistance to Turkey in providing aid and accommodation to refugees [1].These issues may need to be addressed before the Government can completely fulfill its duty towards the safeguarding of innocent civilians. Turkey’s Responsibility as a Regional Power The border between Turkey and Syria stretches 877 km, and is for both countries the longest land border they share with a neighbor [2]. This is significant as the Turkish Government can expect to take in comparatively larger numbers of refugees with relation to Syria’s other border states. In the past Our â€Å"responsibility† to accept refugees at arises from the fact that both Turkey and Syria share extensive historical, cultural and religious ties.Both are members of the OIC and are Muslim countries, and in the eyes of the Islamic world, Turkey has an automatic duty to house fellow Muslims fleeing from the violence. This responsibility is more important for Turkey because it has interests in maintaining strong relations with the predominantly Muslim â€Å"Arab world†; by accepting refugees it is also portraying an image of solidarity with the Syrian people, and this would help strengthen ties with the Arab world which, in light of recent protests for freedom and democracy which have been collectively termed as the â€Å"Arab Spring†, is largely in support of Syrian opposition forces.International Obligations towards the Protection of Victims of Prosecution Turkey is a member of the United Nations (UN), the North Atlantic Treaty Organization (NATO) and the Organization of the Islamic Conference (OIC), three international agencies that determine the laws and relations that Turkish Government is bound by while it addresses the ongoing refugee crisis in the country’s southern provinces.In adherence with i nternational law and as an upholder of Turkey’s democratic and liberal ideals, the Turkish Government has a basic duty to protect and provide refuge to Syrian refugees fleeing from persecution, as stated in the UN Universal Declaration of Human Rights. Options – Re-allocating resources or calling for international assistance From the outset of the war the Turkish Government has undoubtedly been in support of the rebel cause. The Government must seriously consider the impact this may be having on its allocation of resources to accepting and accommodating refugees.As previously mentioned, international laws dictate that civilians fleeing persecution have a right to seek refuge in a foreign country. Therefore the Government’s main priority as a foreign state should be to funnel resources into building adequate facilities for civilians. In direct relation to this, Turkey should also consider how its participation in the Syrian conflict will benefit the Syrian people and at the same time how it will benefit the economy and security of Turkey. Public support for Turkey’s foreign policy towards Syria is low and the public view of the Government’s handling of the conflict is largely negative.While the Government stands for the â€Å"freedom† of Syrian people it needs to seriously re-evaluate its position; it is a neighbor country and therefore has no duty to react to the internal political situation in Syria until an international consensus can be reached. Until that point it should focus on strengthening the Turkish border, screening incoming refugees and providing facilities for them. Recommendations The refugee crisis is just one form of the greater humanitarian catastrophe that has resulted from the Syrian uprising.Although Turkey’s interests and obligations lie in protecting persecuted civilians, it must also consider wider issues regarding the conflict, including the impact of its support for Syrian opposition for ces, as well as more pertinent humanitarian issues like the displacement of Syrians within Syria itself. The Government should therefore continue to lobby the international community to take action in Syria; more than this, it should seek assistance from international governments in building refugee camps and providing aid to civilians, in order to supplement dwindling resources.

Introduction to Management Essay

Panera bread Ronald Shaich, CEO and chair man of Panera bread made a phenomenal growth in revenue of the company from $350.8 million to $ 977.1 million in just 3 years from year 2000 to 2003. However the growth has continued slowing down from that year on so a strategy is being strategized to help Panera Bread survive. The objective is to make Panera a nationally dominating brand by following a corporate strategy of growth by the combination of company and franchise efforts. With a clear objective it would help the company and its staff to know their goal and what they are achieving for. The concept is to deliver against the key consumer trends; to present a fast casual dining experience but also providing varieties of new and healthier menus to cater for the market segments. Improvements are done not only the product but also improving the overall operating systems, design and real estates. For the company’s image participating in the local community charity for corporate social responsibility. See more: introduction paragraph example The policies are all franchisees are to follow the same standards for product quality, menu, site selection, and bakery cafà © construction as the company’s. The company believed that the employee was a critical part of successful product and a unique company so by entrusting the employees to the fresh dough and support center operations with skilled associates and invested in training programs to ensure the quality and its operations. Recommended strategy Panera is to adopt Growth strategy through horizontal integration and using franchising as its key component to Panera’s growth strategy. The reason for continuing the horizontal integration is because does not have the capabilities to employ full backward/ forward integration. Thus vertical integration is not suitable in this case. The horizontal integration matches with the Panera’s concept bakery-cafes and it is the way for Panera to be able to grow more rapidly. Competitive strategy used is Differentiation, employing the Differentiation strategy; Panera will be able to charge higher prices to cover the increasing fixed costs. However with higher quality products than of fast food chains’, tailored menus, upscale dà ©cor and Panera’s commitment to customer it is very possible to charge higher price. Improvements should be made in the Human Resource department in compensation & benefits system. Salaried staffs get product discount, bonuses, incentive programs, training, and employee stock ownership plans however salaried worker should be rewarded too through recognition & award system or giving out vouchers to the non salaried workers. Management team The management team would be lead by all the executives and presidents in the company who has and extensive experience in managing and executing the Panera business. Mainly to manage all the important sectors like the Concept, Development, Joint Venture, Franchise, Supply Chain, Operating, Financial and the Administrative. II. COMPANY BACKGROUND Panera bread has been around from 1976. Ronald Shaich, CEO and chairman of Panera bread was the person who created the company together with the master baker called Shaich who combined ingredients. The duo made the phenomenal growth of the company with the guidance of Shaich, the revenue of Panera bread rose from franchise of 419 shops, the average annualized unit volumes (AUVs) increased from 9.1% to 12% a well but in the consecutive year the increase slow down from 0.2% to 0.5%. Before it became a very successful company, there was Au Bon Pain which was purchased by Louis Kane in 1978. The bakery faced a $3 million in debt while struggling with 13 stores but 10 was shut down. Ronald Shaich came into the picture when Kane was about to declare bankrupt. Shaich who owned a bakery: Cookie Jar merged together with Au Bon Pain in 1981 these was to help the sell in the morning. The two expanded the business and decreased the debt between 1981 and 1984. In 1985 Au Bon Pain became a place for urban folk who were tired of fast food. By 1991 Kane and Shaich took the company public and had 200 stores and $183 million in sales. The duo continued expanding by buying over St. Louis Bread Company from Ken Rosenthal, which had 19-store bakery cafà © in St. Louis area. While Au Bon Pain was focusing on making St. Louis bread a national brand the expansion of the urban outlet had operational problems and had a debt of $65 million. Lacking of capital they sold Au Bon Pain and concentrated on Panera, which the name that was change to in May 16, 1999, being debt free the cash allowed expansion of the bakery cafe stores. III. CURRENT SITUATION III.A. CURRENT PERFORMANCE Panera has been experiencing rapid growth under the leadership of Ronald Shaich. Under his guidance, Panera ‘s total system wide revenue rose from $350.8 million to $ 977.1 million in just 3 years from year 2000 to 2003 respectively. This rapid growth is caused by the new unit expansion of 419 bakery-cafes from 1999 to 2003. However as the year passed by, the company’s system wide sales & average annualized unit volumes began to decline. The growth rate has slows down for Panera. To continue growing, Panera will need to develop new strategies, initiatives and new unit growth. There are 2 classes of Common Stock ownership in the company: (1). Class A Stock with 28,345,754 shares outstanding and 1 vote per share. (2) Class B Stock with 1,761,521 shares outstanding and 3 votes per share. The company’s revenues were derived from company-owned bakery-cafà © sales, fresh dough sales to franchisees, and franchise royalties & fees. The total company revenues rose 28.1% to $355.9million in 2003 compared to $ 277.8 million in 2002. The increase in revenue was due to the opening of 131 new bakery-cafes in 2003. From 2002 to 2003 the bakery-cafà © sales has increased by 25.1% from $212.6 million to $265.9 million. This is due to a full year’s operation of 23 company-owned bakery-cafes created in 2002, the opening of 29 company-owned bakery-cafes in 2003, and the 1.7% increase in comparable bakery-cafà © sales for 2003. III.B. STRATEGIC POSTURE †¢ Mission statement 1. To extend its franchise relationship beyond its current franchises. 2. To doing the best bread In America 3. Panera’s concept was designed around meeting the needs and desires of consumers, specially the need for efficient, time saving service and the desire for a high quality dining experience. †¢ Objectives 1. To make Panera a nationally dominant brand. †¢ Strategy 1. The concept is to deliver against the key consumer trends, to present a fast casual dining experience. 2. Following a corporate strategy of growth by the combination of company and franchise efforts. 3. Providing varieties of new and healthier menus to cater for the market segments. 4. Testing prototypes for product development. 5. Improving the overall operating systems, design and real estate. 6. Participating in the local community charity.

Write a critical commentary on part 3 of the Prologue of Nietzsches Term Paper

Write a critical commentary on part 3 of the Prologue of Nietzsches text. (Thus Spoke Zaratustra) - Term Paper Example Nietzsche positions the Superman as the most effective solution to the nihilism which, according to him, is the definitive feature of his reality and the world around him. In part 3 of Zarathustra’s prologue, Nietzsche refers to the analogy with Darwin’s philosophy of evolution, to prove that the process of transition to the Superman is in no way a product of natural selection; rather, it is something an individual can achieve only through a profound self-transformation and sacrifice. Part 3 of Prologue in Nietzsche’s Thus Spoke Zarathustra offers an insight into the concept of the Superman and the ways individuals can achieve the highest state of spiritual being. Actually, the Superman is the highest state of each person’s being and the only way individuals can combat nihilism which dominates their society: â€Å"The Superman is the meaning of the earth. Let your will say: The Superman shall be the meaning of the earth!† (Nietzsche). Those, who are unable to grasp the meaning of the Superman and are not willing to lead themselves to the spiritual self-awareness and revival, are bound to spend their lives surrounded by disguise and blasphemy. The Superman is something that can help people to look beyond their bodily urges and concerns. The Superman can help the society to look contemptuously on their bodies from the viewpoint of a supreme thing (Nietzsche). The Superman will work to reduce the poverty and pollution of the society’s spi rit and soul and justify the happiness of its existence. It is interesting to see, that in his explanation of the Superman concept, Nietzsche (or Zarathustra) refers to the concept of evolution and Darwin’s theory. Zarathustra uses Darwin’s concept of evolution, to illustrate the point of the Superman and to show the best way toward the ultimate point of happiness and self-fulfillment. Zarathustra criticizes the society’s belief in evolution and points out that achieving the highest state of consciousness is spirit

How Technology Alters the Structure of Our Interests Essay

How Technology Alters the Structure of Our Interests - Essay Example In general, technology can be considered as the way in which methods can be used to solve problems, such as the use of tools, systems or machines. More specifically, the term can be used to apply to a collection of procedures, tools or machinery. For example, some of the more prominent recent technological advances could be considered, the internet, nuclear weapons and cell phones. The impacts that technology has on human civilization are many and varied. As humans continue to adapt and improve technology, these effects are likely to become more pronounced. An example of the way in which technology has changed human systems is that of the creation of the wheel. The wheel was one of the earliest forms of technology that was invented, and with this technological advance came substantial changes. Prior to the invention of the wheel, our ancestors travelled by foot, however, once the wheel was developed methods of travelling changed. In turn, this led to the development of further technology, such as the development of the animal drawn cart and later trains and automobiles. As our ability to move increased, so too did the rate at which cultures intermingled. Consequently, cultures became less distinct, and interests became more shared among them. The invention of the wheel did not simply change methods of doing a task, but also altered the way that human interest was structured. Travel changed from being an almost impossible task to something that was easier to accomplish. As a consequence, people showed an increased desire to travel which in turn led to the development of more efficient vehicles. At its heart, technology is change that leads to change. The effect that these changes have can be either beneficial or detrimental to the human race, or in many cases both. While advances in technology have been behind the initiation of many brutal wars through the invention of weapons such as guns, bombs and missiles, it has also resulted in the creation of life saving medical and scientific advances. One important aspect in the way in which technology affects humans is the impact that it has on human interests. Due to the broad nature of technology, this impact can best be understood by examining in detail a single technological advance, the manner in which this has altered human behavior and interests and extrapolate from this example to technology in general. One of the most significant innovations of the modern era has been that of the internet. As it was developed and improved upon, the internet has proven to be a way to connect people to one another, breaking down barriers of communication and significantly changing the way that people interact with one another. It has also had a large effect on businesses, introducing a new arena for marketing and sales as well as to determine customer interest. The internet has substantially increased the availability of information and the way in which people access it. The Development of the Internet In 1966 the first computer network was developed by the United States Defense Advanced Research Projects Agency (ARPA). The network was designed as a defense project and was used for testing various concepts in computer science such as packet switching and routing, which were innovative at the time. ARPANET, as it became known, was highly successful, and the need to develop ways to link the individual networks together led to the development of an Internet Program. This program connected other networks to the ARPANET, and forms the basis of the Internet today . However, it wasn’t until 1974 that the term internet was first used, and at this time the word was simply an abbreviation

Finance Policy and Practise Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1750 words

Finance Policy and Practise - Essay Example The LTV ratio is used to determine whether the borrower is likely to default. A borrower who is considered rational is likely to default when the value of the collateral falls below the value of the loan by an amount which equates to the net cost of the transactions such as relocation expenses, future payments for being deficient and the stigma attached to the situation (Crawford and Rosenblatt 1995, cited in Qi and Yang 2009). There are various ways in which a bank such as VB may become exposed to default and these are matters to be discussed. 1.1 Assessment of Estimated Property Values In assessing the value of a property and the annual rental price a number of formulas are used. The gross rent yield and the price/rent ratio are very useful formulas. Global Property Guide (2012) indicates that the gross rental yield on UK properties is 3.43% and the price rent ratio is 29 yrs. The price/rent ratio was used to calculate the property values and the gross rental yield was used to calc ulate the rental. ... -to-value (LTV) ratios and interest cover (the number of times interest is covered by rental income) will be used to assess Virtual Bank’s existing property loan portfolio. 2.1 Loan-to-Value Ratio The loan-to-value (LTV) ratio is the standard risk measure that is used by lending institutions to analyse the risk attached to their loan portfolio. The formula for calculating LTV is: current value of property/loan. LTVs are rated as high, moderate or low. LTV’s in excess of 80% are considered high, 60 to 80% moderate and below 60% low. The information on sheet 1 shows that the LTV ratios after the revaluation are between 15.8% and 52.9%. This means that loans are properly secured and so VB faces no major risks as borrowers are not likely to default under the current valuation. 2.2 Assessment of Interest Cover The interest cover represents the number of times interest is covered by the operating profit from the property. The formula is operating profit before interest and ta x (PBIT)/interest expenses. Interest cover of 3 times or more are generally considered acceptable while 2 times and under are considered low (BPP 2009). The information on the spreadsheet labelled Sheet 3 indicates that the interest cover for all but three (3) loans is in the acceptable range of between 3 and 16 times. However, the loans to Plane (5,100), Russet (4,000), and Pearmain (8,000) show interest cover of 2.4, 2.1 and 2.5 respectively. These loans represent 4% ((17,100/428,448)*100) of the total loans drawn. This is a small percentage and there is no cause for a major concern because the interest cover although not in the acceptable region is still above 2. 3.0 Strategy for risk reduction The overall risk on the loan portfolio is considered low. However, there are some strategies that can be

How long can an offender stay in jail Term Paper

How long can an offender stay in jail - Term Paper Example On the other hand, an offender’s stay in jail and in prison is also identified through different codes and points of the law. Thereupon, it is vital to state that there might be different misconceptions as a result of a wrong treatment of the laws. The reasons why such things happen are different: biases, false testimonies, etc. The outcomes may include but not limited to life and death sentences or, at the best case, to the conclusion that an offender is freed, pardoned, or paroled. In this case Neubauer & Meinhold (2009) state the following idea: â€Å"One form of early release is parole, the conditional release of an inmate from prison† (p. 281). This is why the long stay of a detainee is not more than a year, as was mentioned before. It is required that until this moment the verdict is announced by the jury and the final claim is noted by the judge. Once again, it is wrong to state that a judge files a motion. A lawyer is the one who is interested in such a procedur e in order to protect his/her client from misjudgments. In fact, a prosecutor is also eligible to file a motion in order to delve better into the case or to prolong the investigation due to some weighty reasons. However, a prosecutor’s role is a bit different in filling a motion, as â€Å"a prosecutor may decide to dismiss the complaint by filing a motion of nolle prosequi† (Lippman, 2010, p. 5). ... All of the stages of the litigation are important to sum up all pros and cons to decide whether or not an offender should be moved to prison or set free as a result. One of the most outrageous examples is that of Scottsboro Nine in the 1930s. In this vein, the only situation when the judge is eligible to prolong the time period in jail is when an offender commits another crime just being in jail itself. These are rare cases which need additional careful examination and investigation. This is why all records should be accurately filed regarding a definite offender so as to omit misconception or mismatch of any kind: â€Å"It is through the maintenance of accurate records documenting all aspects of an inmate’s stay that institutions are able to reduce the likelihood of litigation and increase their chance for prevailing in court if litigation is filed† (Carlson & Garrett, 2008, p. 146). Thus, the documentation and keeping records safely and accurately arranged is paramoun t for making sure an offender will not stay in jail longer than possible according to the county, state or federal jurisprudence. Besides, an offender may stay longer due to the gender discretion or in case when an offender was previously placed on probation. The first case simply states that female inmates are more likely to have longer sentences just because they are â€Å"less likely to work out a plea arrangement† (Siegel, 2008, p. 551). It makes the judicial system more attentive to the state of mental and physical state of women during pretrial through sentencing stages so as to make sure a female inmate can be placed in prison. The second case is based on the precedent of an offender’s inclination to commit crime in the future. Thus, the term of the arrest

Read instructions carefully Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 2000 words

Read instructions carefully - Essay Example occurrence of selling and purchasing, dealings entirely ignored any consultation to the humanitarian aspect of trade considering each slave’s basic inalienable rights as humans, at least. A recount by a certain Taylor Jackson for instance, told of his own 1938 ordeal in the Nigger Traders Yard for three months, witnessing black slaves getting auctioned off in a normal process of being picked as the bidding chose. On a micro-level of evaluating, however, as modeled in the novel through Paul D who receives equivalent meanness when the schoolteacher determines to have him sold at a fixed value, there consequently arises a piercing realization of manhood, independence, and dignity taken off the fundamental self which comes between statistical scales that listed slaves of commerce on record like non-living objects. To some, due perhaps to diverse probability of looking at common experience, it came rather less harsh despite the presence of whipping overseers up and about the place. An interview with an Arkansas captive named Nellie James revealed what was otherwise seldom type of master, with James stating that hers was reasonably kind to all his subjects and that her husband shared a proportional sentiment at the time their freedom from being held as a property was declared in youth. Sethe, on the other hand, meets up the instant when she draws in further consciousness on how the Sweet Home manages to program their situations such that the menial laborers would be far from taking offense of them. Such discovery that grants proof to the schoolteacher’s inhumane treatment makes her taste repugnance especially on coming to fully discern that she is not in control of her life and children in the plantation. A few other narratives showed having undertaken parallel idea of reaching this much sensibility where most had gone mad at thinking of a way to escape. There were also those who claimed knowing slave women, ranging from mere acquaintance to close relatives, who

East Asian Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1000 words

East Asian - Essay Example Qian had the prerogative to choose who, what, why and how things happened in his history. Qian chose to quote his sources as much as possible. An example is the account of the attempt made by Jing Ke on the life of the first Chinese emperor, which was an eyewitness account by the great-grandfather of his father's friend, who served as a low-ranked bureaucrat at court of Qin and happened to be attending the diplomatic ceremony for Jing Ke. Qian also created highly probable and consistent events even when there were none available. His work eventually consisted of 130 chapters about Dynastic houses, the biographies of the Han emperors, dates of events, descriptions of rites and rituals, music, and various other topics of interest. Also included were the histories of the states which existed during pre-Qin China and the biographies of other important personages in history. Before The Records of the Grand Historian, historical texts tended to downplay the role and events from other dynasties and played up their own. This tendency was also present in Sima Qian's historiography. Qian portrayed the Han dynasty as having the Mandate of Heaven and gave lesser importance to the dynasties that preceded it. Among the features that Qian emphasized in his work was the ascendant character of the Han Dynasty. Consequently, he depicted the preceding Qin dynasty, which was Legalist, as evil and as such deserved to be replaced by the Han which prescribed to Confucianism. This theme is recurrent in his biographies which often contained moral lessons and anecdotes. Qian also took every opportunity to point out that Legalist ideals which were abundant and commonplace in the Qin Dynasty did not benefit anyone unlike Confucian ideals which redounded to benefits for the people. Examples of these biographies which justified the ascendant moral plane of the Han were the Chen She, Han Xin and the Empress Lu. This bias of Qian's against the Qin dynasty is fairly evident throughout The Records of the Grand Historian. Qian's favorable disposition towards Confucianism is explained by his belief that it is a more preventive means by which to keep peace among the peasants. He believes that fair, just and moral rulers will beget fair, just and moral peasants for them to rule. This common nature when achieved among both rulers and peasants would result in peace, according to Qian's beliefs. In contrast, he believes that the Legalist approach is able to preserve peace through the rule of a tyrannical government. He contends that a tyrannical government places all its constituents, peasants, nobles and ministers alike, under threat of mistreatment and enslavement. Qian also pointed out that there are major differences in how the Qin and Han perform their rites and treat their ancestors. In Confucianism, rituals and ancestors were central in their beliefs. This was exemplified in the biographies of Han Xin and Chen She. Qian pointed out that the latter's grave was cared for by thirty families which saw it as an honor to perform such duty. Qian also related how Han Xin buried his mother "on a high broad expanse of earth with room enough around to set up 10,000 households," similar to the treatment received by an honored ruler. Both personages were practitioners of Confucianism in their lifetime and were correspondingly rewarded with power and influence. In contrast, Qian's biography of the

Review Of Herman And Chomsky Essay Example for Free

Review Of Herman And Chomsky Essay The ‘Manufacturing Consent’ of media operations written and applied by Edward Herman and   Noam Chomsky say   that elite mass media are united and interlocked with other institutional sectors in ownership, management and social circles. In democratic societies mass media plays an important role. They respond to public concerns and create awareness to the state policies important events and view points. The fundamental principles of democracy depend upon the notion of a reasonably informed electorate   that reflects   public opinion and respond to public concerns Media is an integral part of the society, media need not be controlled or set to a pattern they work united with other sectors. (European Journal of Communication; 2002, pg.147). Herman and Chomsky’s propaganda model has been named as ‘conspiracy theory’ because of its determined view of media behavior, according to them mass media are instruments of power that mobilize support for special interests that dominate the state and private activity and mass media acts in unison with other sectors, i.e. the academy, to establish, enforce, reinforce and police corporate hegemony. (European Journal of Communication 2002, pg148) .   Herman and Chomsky reject the ‘conspiracy label’ however ‘the Manufacturing Consent’s emphasis is on motives of media behavior, in relation to institutional controls.(Herman and Chomsky ;1988,pg 1-35). The model assumes that media designs should be explained in structural terms. According to Herman and Chomsky there are five major ‘filtering’ mechanisms which structure the news content. The authors admit that propaganda model cannot give every detail of such a complex matter as the working of the national mass media, the model does not assume that news reporters, editors and other workers are instructed or typically compelled to omit some voices and emphasize others, the model outlines circumstances under which media will be comparatively ‘open’ or ‘closed’. As micro-analysis is not the task of the Propaganda Model, it only provides an overview of the system at work, making sense out of a confusing picture by removing the main principles of the system, the basic argument in this context   is that meanings are easily ‘filtered’ by restrictions that are made in the system. The authors argue that meanings are formed at odd levels, as the decisions are understood to be natural and sensible, however the authors do not imply that newsroom workers always make decisions to align themselves with the interests of the dominant elites.(Rai,1995:pg46) Herman and Chomsky write that all news material goes through five inter related filter restrictions. Leaving only cleansed residue fit to be printed.(Herman and Chomsky;1988:pg 3-14). The five filter elements are: (1) the size, concentrated ownership, owner’s wealth, and profit orientation of the dominant mass-media; (2) advertising as the primary income source of the mass media. (3) the reliance of the media on information provided by government, business, and experts funded and approved by the primary sources and agents of power. (Martin and Knight 1997,pg 253-254). (4) Opposition as means of disciplining the media; (5) anti-communism as a national religion and control mechanism.(Herman ,cited in Wintonick and Achbar,1994:pg108). The first filter restriction emphasizes that media are closely interlinked and share common interests with other dominant sectors as corporations, the state, and banks. The dominant media sectors are large firms with large businesses; they are controlled by very wealthy people or by their managers who are subject to sharp restrictions by the owners. The second filter emphasizes that the news production process is highly influenced by advertising values ,most media must sell markets(readers) to buyers(advertisers).This dependency can directly influence media   performance, Chomsky   remarks   that media content reflects the interests of the sellers, the buyers, and the product . Herman contends that the application of the first and second filters of the   propaganda model has greatly influenced the economy the communications industries, and politics went through dramatic changes the two filters ,ownership and advertising have become even more important. The third filter is the news gathering process, the dominant elite provide press releases, copies of speeches, periodicals, photos, and thus government and corporate sources are attractive to media only for economic reasons. The third filter stresses that the opinions by corporate and state sources are adapted to class interest and market force. Herman and Chomsky stress that the nature of the mutual relationship between media and sources directly affect the media performance. The powerful can use personal relationships, threats, rewards, to influence media. The media under obligations may carry untrue stories in order not to offend their close relationship with the sources. The fourth filter, flak, means the state the dominant social institution which has power and resources to force the media to play a propagandistic role in society Herman and Chomsky explain that flak refers to negative responses to media statement, it may involve individuals or independent action, and the authors contend that preferred meanings are structured by dominating official sources, in this way news may be skewed in the desired direction. The fifth filter, the anti-communism has been replaced by ‘otherness’ It’s the idea of scaring people, creating fear, hatred, and discontent aroused by social and economic conditions, to prevent them from realizing to what is really happening to them.(Chomsky 1998: pg48).The authors maintain that media shapes public opinion by controlling how ideas are presented; the five filters curb the flow of the news as it passes through its gates and can easily limit what can be big news. Herman and Chomsky state that these five filter constraints are the essentials of propaganda model, the members of the power elite try to shape the beliefs and attitudes and opinions of the people through the media, free and open discussions are part of the process but leaders utilize deceit and violence to combat individuals and institutions as the public does not agree with the opinion of the power elite. The world politics has seen radical changes since the demise of communism in the former Soviet Union as mentioned in the Manufacturing Consent. The fifth filter is termed ‘the dominant ideology ’through out this book, however,   anti –communism   has been emphasized as the ideological elements that are most important in terms of discipline and control mechanisms. The Manufacturing Consent, gives a vague description of the fifth filter its ideology helps to mobilize people against an enemy it can be used against any policies that threaten property interests or support the communist states and radicalism, the model presumes that media performance is understood as the outcome of market forces, the dominant media are deeply and firmly imbedded in the market system, the main information sources ,the media depends on   are the government and major business firms. Herman and Chomsky view media as dominant ideological apparatus same   as mentioned in the thesis by William Domhoff in his book ,The Powers That Be: Processes of Ruling Class Domination in America. (Domhoff 1979,pg 169). Domhoff contends that the   four basic processes through which the ruling class ‘rules’ are (1)the special interest process;(2)policy formation process;(3)candidate selection; and(4)the ideological process, the Herman and Chomsky’s theory is the mirror of Domhoff’s theory of ideological apparatus for dominant elites.(Domhoff;1979,179-183). The Canadian sociologist Wallace Clement writes about the ruling class of Canada, he states through observation that the ruling elite have remained consistent over the past century. The institutional links within Canada are at elite level, ownership of capital is highly concentrated.(Canadian Corporate Elite;1975). Another Canadian sociologist Patricia Marchak (1988;pg122),stresses that the main question is under what conditions the state would be obliged to act only with reference to the interests of the capital. When such conditions are obtained universally, and when they do, the validity of Propaganda Model is likely to increase.(Patricia Marchak;1988,pg34). Herman and Chomsky do not claim that media acts only to circulate propaganda. The Propaganda Model   Ã‚  describes ‘the forces that cause the mass media to play a propaganda role’ they also argue that media not only serve the political and economic interests of dominant elite but also of the state. The authors admit that the propaganda model does not explain everything in every context it deals with the patterns of media behavior and performance. The elite media decides what topics, issues, and events that are to be considered ‘news worthy’ by the lower-tier media and establish the general discourse, they determine, they select,   they shape,   they control, they restrict in order   to serve the dominant elite groups in the society. This system is at odds with reality as the powerful are able to decide what the general public is allowed to see, hear, think and create public opinion by regular control. Individual powerlessness grows in the face of globalizing market; support organizations as the labor unions are weakened .In the final pages of Manufacturing Consent Herman and Chomsky acknowledge that the system is not all powerful, the domination of media by government and the elite have not overcome Vietnam syndrome and public hostility to direct US involvement in destabilization and over throw of foreign governments.   Herman and Chomsky took the phrase ‘manufacturing consent’ from the influential American journalist Walter Lippman who advocated consent engineering. He said common good should be managed by small specialized class. The creation of consent is not a new art, it was supposed to have died out with the birth of democracy but it is very much alive, it is now based on analysis rather than on rule of thumb. The engineering of consent is the essence of democratic process, (Bernays; 1947, cited in Wintonick and Achbar, 1994; pg41). the freedom of speech, press, petition, and assembly; the freedoms to make the engineering of consent possible are the most cherished guarantees of the Constitution of the United States.(Lippman, cited inRai,1995;pg23).   John Jay was the first chief justice of the Supreme Court he said ‘those who own the country ought to govern it’ in other words it is necessary to ensure that those who own the country are happy or else all will suffer, for they control investment and determine what is produced and distributed and what benefits will trickle down to those who rent themselves to the owners when the y can. The propaganda model contends that media content is organized to manufacture consent and to prevent opposition media content serves political ends the media makes choices that establish and define ‘worthy’ and ‘unworthy’ causes. The news coverage devoted to government(state)policy in general(foreign and domestic) by the elite to generate audience interest and sympathy in some stories while directing attention away from other stories Media take close interest in the Third World and their interconnections with the   government.(Herman and Chomsky,1988;pg13-14). The authors write that media treats victims of oppression and state terrorism differently, depending on the perpetrators. The ‘unworthy victims’ (victims of oppression and /or state terrorism perpetrated by us (Canada, the US and the other capitalist democracies), and ‘worthy victims’ (victims of oppression and/or state terrorism perpetrated by official enemy states).Different treatment is observed in sourcing and evaluating stories, full swing investigation in search of villain and of high officials, to humane treatment more prominent coverage. In case of ‘unworthy victims’ of enemy crimes, allegations are simply invented they have to rely on official US. sources unless they prove it wrong in which case they are avoided(Cambodia under Pol Pot is a case in point).It predicts that the victims of state terrorism/violence that is perpetuated by the democracies or client states will be given treatment that can be seen to serve political ends (Chomsky, 1988; pg34). The writers as moral agents are trying to bring the truth about matters of human significance to an audience that can do something about them. My personal view is that citizens of democratic societies should take a definite course of self- defense to protect their rights with the help of radio and television, advertising and public relations to safe guard their rights from being manipulated. The Independent mind must be allowed to develop and grow in a free society it is a difficult task as in today’s free society, consent is manipulation of public opinion. I do agree with the writers, in my view the young minds should separate themselves from the official manipulative system. Thus the writers are invested with a moral responsibility to tell the truth, it is a very difficult task to perform today even in our free society. Works Cited Clement, W. (1975) Canadian Corporate Elite: Analysis of Economic Power. Toronto: McClelland and Stewart. Domhoff, William G. (1979) The Powers That Be: Processes of Ruling Class Domination in America. New York: Vintage Books. European Journal of Communication (2002) SAGE Publications (London, Thousand Oaks, CA and New Delhi), Vol 17(2): 147–182. [0267–3231(200206)17:2; 147–182; 023691] Martin, Michele with Graham Knight (1997) Communication and Mass Media: Culture, Domination and Opposition. Toronto: Prentice-Hall. Wintonick, Peter and Mark Achbar (1994) Manufacturing Consent: Noam Chomsky and the Media. Montreal: Black Rose.

The Needs And Demands For Laptop Features Marketing Essay

The Needs And Demands For Laptop Features Marketing Essay Apple plays an important role in the laptop industry. Though Steve Jobss empire maybe behind in the ranking but year after year, Apples market share is increasing (Mintel, 2009) and has recorded a annual sales rise of 12.5 % , achieving a turnover of $ 36.54bn in 2009. The successful launch of iPhone , iphone with 3g technology and increasing sales of Ipod helped Apple to increase its brand equity and awareness which helps them expanding in market. Apple offers a wide variety of products from ipods, mobile phones, iphone along with Imac and the MacBooks. In the process of staying competitive, apple announced in September 2009 at a special event, Keynote, that, they plan to further reduce their margins and offer affordable computers and by that be more competitive in terms of price positioning (Apple, 2009). In the constantly evolving PC sector the main players are HP, Acer, Dell, Lenevo and Toshiba. The companies in the highly competitive laptop industry offer best deals at best prices to the market with a wide range of innovative products to the consumers every day, thus responding to the needs and demands. Many advanced and fragile laptops have lately emerged in the market with cheaper price as well as finer design (BBC news, 2008). Apple, HP (Hewlett-Packard), Dell and other players in market have launched the series of light notebooks. But Sony proves to be a tough competitors with the launch of world lightest notebook 8, the 1.4 pound VAIO in 2009 (Sony, 2009). To prove to be innovative HP provides innovative personalisation through Personalize with HP Skins to reflect users personality and lifestyle (HP, 2009).Where Apple provides only white, grey and black laptop covers. Apple has been able to be competitive in the market as they offer facilities quicker than competitors. Therefo re, Apple manages to provide advanced technology to user which is bettered compared to its competitors.. It is necessary to define the business and update products to every single trend in the sector to supply to the inherent customer needs. Nowadays, in a constant volatile economical and social world, it is more difficult to predict, analyse and perceive consumers attitude towards a product than ever. (Randrianasolo, 2006). With the increasing usage of laptops on university campus in classrooms, libraries etc. this seems to be an effective target for laptop companies. Apples educational website has a wide variety of offerings for laptops and PCs with offers, discounts and services. Although, Apple laptop features need to be modified in order to suit the students needs. Sales in this segment can prove to be a fertilizer for improving Apples business. The Nature of the Management Issue: In order to sustain to the competition, it is necessary to be efficient to satisfy the customer needs and wants. The purchasing decision of MacBook can be affected by exploring the existing offerings in the market in terms of laptop and the studying factors that influence students desire for personalising laptops, features, softwares ( for course, gaming ,etc. ), portability, longer battery, as well as price . The busy students life, they need easy access to softwares, drivers etc. Students also demand for customizing or personalization of laptops according to the needs for self identity, study course, gaming, professional etc. This will help to increase the market share, sales of Apples laptops and create a positive image of the company in the industry. Decision problem: In order to achieve a sustainable competitive advantage, which new strategic methods should Apple consider? Understanding how adding values and features to laptops esteemed by students can help in increasing market share. Decision that Apple can make is: What features and aspects can Apple change in their laptops in order to expand its laptop sales among the University students in UK? Research Objectives or Hypothesis: Research should support the management issue, and develop solution further. The objective is to conduct a marketing research based on problem defined, which would be: To study the university students needs and demands for a new laptops and the extent to which the current market offerings satisfy those needs. This research shall include studying components like: What buyers seek in order to satisfy for the needs of university students? To find out needs considering factors like social acceptance, lifestyles, portability or a combination of various factors. Till what extend do current laptop offering in market meet the demands? Survey of what competitors brands provide that they are more desirable. What are the esteemed laptop features among university students? What features to be kept on priority while designing the package? Can the features be identified in terms of RAM, ROM, LCD screens, graphic cards, Personalization of laptop and laptop covers, portability, internet options, Wi-Fi connectivity, battery life as well as services and pricing? Do current products from Apple satisfy these demands? What is the buying behaviour, demographic as well as psychographic of the targeted market segment? To find out what strategies can be developed to influence the buying decisions of customers in the target market. The value of this work: The research shall help Apple to: Focus on product launch that in turn will accentuate the customers to buy Apple laptops. The research can help in improving brand equity and market share. Further, helping the company to establish itself as a benchmark for the other competitor companies. Understanding the psyche of focused group for the aspects like needs to buy a laptop, ideal laptop features, or important characteristics of Apples laptops and whether Apple adequately meets these demands. To draw relationship between students buying behaviour and factors that affects their purchasing decision. The research will also be important in aspect of social value in determining factors that can be benefit to students and thereby contribute in empowering the education system. Research Design: The research has to be carried out through various methods in order to investigate the actors that student consider while selecting a laptop and to understand the psyche of young consumer. The understanding will further help the company to launch new products in market as per the demands. Thus, identifying and understanding the new potential market for increasing laptop sales can lead to increasing market share. A Casual, conclusive research has to be designed to understand what the students demand and to what extent are they fulfilled. A) Secondary Research: Literature review and industry research form a part of secondary data and are more quantitative. Evaluating and analysing this descriptive data helps to diagnose and plan the research for primary data. Data Sourcing: Data can be sourced in various ways and varied sources as per the requirements of the mode of conduct of the research. Internal Secondary data: These are the sources help in getting internal records of the companies which can prove useful as they have relevant information which the research demands. Such Data can be available from the official websites of the companies can give information on the sales and figures, financial reports and statements, etc. External Secondary Data: these sources give a wide range of information and data from which the researcher can access to the information from the selected source. These include resources like books, journals, periodicals, press reports, and sources like keynote, Verdict Research etc. These sources provide general information on the business as well as business statistics. Intelligence sources like journals, newspapers etc. also help to acquire relevant data. This secondary data can lead us to develop an approach towards collecting primary data. B) Primary Research: Primary research will be useful to verify the students opinion. Primary survey gives the most recent data accurate and relevant through different ways such as questionnaires, surveys, observations. In order to collect the recent students opinion below methods can be used: Questionnaires. Focus Groups discussions. Interviews and observations : group discussions on university campus. Surveys: telephonic surveys, mail surveys, web surveys. Sampling design and Size: Simple random technique: The university students having equal probability of selection (Malhotra, 2009) through interviewing and filling questionnaires. Sample size has to be targeted should be approximately 300 students from different universities, Courses and level of education (Bachelors/ Masters). In order to get balanced information it is necessary that the survey should be done across all parts of the country. Questionnaire: The questionnaire should support the research objective in finding out students perspective on general information and knowledge about laptops, pricing, how important are laptops, what features do students demand for, students opinions and suggestion on Apple MacBook. The questions per section should not exceed beyond 15 and should have multiple choices to save time and interest. Field Work: The questionnaires, interviews and survey can be carried out in university classrooms, seminar, cafeterias, computer hubs, library, student residence halls. Emails with attached copy, questionnaires on Apples official website and students poll and blogs can also be helpful ways of conducting the research. C) Collection of data and data entry. This could be done manually using a software programme. D) Analysing and data interpretation using methods like cross-tabulation. E) Test the reliability of the data. In order to check whether the analysis is correct cross testing of data can be done. The company Apple can provide free services or softwares as incentives on completion of the survey. Theoretical Underpinnings: Brand Differentiation and Innovation Strategy : Schmalensee, Richard (1982) in his research Product differentiation Advantages of Pioneering Brands reflects the importance of brand differentiation and innovation concept will help to understand why there is a need for adding unique value to a product in category. Increasing differentiation in products compared to competitors will help to improve the market share as well as Innovation Strategy this helps, in creating new standards though product innovation. These are competitive strategies prove advantageous in the process of creating distinctive brand. Relation between Consumer and business: Vrontis, D., Thrassou, A. (2007) A new conceptual framework for business-consumer relationships draws the relationship between understanding Consumer demands and buying behaviour to the Business of any company. It explains why is it necessary to build strategies and provide the consumer the demanded product in order to perform better. 3) Branding strategy- consumer buying decision: Hamann, D., Williams Robert L. ,Omar ,M. (2007) in the paper Branding strategy and consumer high-technology product explain how consumer buying decision factors like Price, use, quality and culture affect the branding strategy . This helps to in research design to consider these points and investigate them through University students perspective. 4) Consumer Behaviour- Social class influences: Social factors can affect the purchasing decision of University students. In the paper Social class influences on purchase evaluation criteria the author Williams, T. (2002) investigates how social factors affect the consumer behaviour while buying products. 5) Need for portable computing: Studies have proved that there is change in teaching ways and students are subjected to more electronically available data. This proves that students need laptops on campus as the classroom, library and campus culture relation with students is changing. (Bazillion, 2001) 6) Technology and marketing: According to Moncrief, W. and Cravens, D. (1999) rate of change by technology affecting the buyers will increase. In order to grow and perform in the competitive market, companies need to be market driven. Hence, it is necessary to investigate the demands of the consumer so that companies can find out efficient and effective ways of reaching the market Administrative Constraints: There might be a few limitations which might hamper the process of research and data interpretation. Few constraints can be as below: Availability of students: Students have a busy life and lectures and project works. Hence it might be difficult. The research demands to study the University students from different cities in UK. This will increase the problems in data collection.. The sample size will affect the reliability of data. Also, as the research demands study of students from different universities which is a difficult job. The research will have to be limited to a selection of representative universities. This can constrains in the study of overall university student in the country. Data is collected from interviews, discussions and surveys. There can be errors while entering the data. The factors will have to be considered. Due to some incorrect data entering can affect the accuracy of data. Also, the sample size will be an important factor that can affect the data accuracy. REFERENCES: Apple (2009) work- Keynote 2009 [Internet]. Available from [Accessed on 19 December 2009]. Bazillion, R. , Braun, C. ( 2001) Classroom, library and campus culture in a networked environment. Campus- Wide Information systems, Vol. 18, no. 2, pp 61-67. BBC news (2008) Dell joins cut-down laptop market [Internet]. Available from: [Accessed 20th December 2009]. Hamann, D., William, R., Omar, M. (2007) Branding strategy and consumer high-technology product. Journal of Product Brand Management, Vol. 16, No.2, pp 98-111. HP (2009) Hp PC learning centre- Personalize with HP skins [Internet]. Available from . [Accessed on 17 December 2009]. Malhotra, K. (2009), Basic Marketing Research, 3rd ed. Upper Saddle River: Person International, Inc. Mintel (2009) PCs and Laptops [Internet]. Available from: [Accessed on 24 December 2009]. Moncrief, W., Cravens, D. ( 1999) Technology and the Changing marketing world. Marketing Intelligence Planning. Vol. 17, No. 7, pp. 329-332. Randrianasolo, H.  (2006) Changement de comportement du consommateur dans le commerce à ©quitable. [Internet]. Available from: [Accessed 28th December 2009]. Schmalensee, R (1982), Product differentiation advantages of pioneering brands,  The American Economic Review, pp.349-65 Sony (2009) P Series- Go lightly. [Internet]. Available from: [Accessed 19 December 2009]. Vrontis, D., Thrassou , A. ( 2007) A new conceptual framework for business- consumer relationships. Marketing Intelligence Planning, Vol. 25, No. 7, pp 789-806. Williams, T. (2002) Social class influences on purchase evaluation criteria. Journal of Consumer Marketing, Vol. 19, No. 3, pp 249-276. IMAGE REFERENCES: Image 1: Apple (2009) Which Mac are you? Apple advertising on the official website with its range of Macs, [Online Image]. Available from [Accessed on 8 January 2010] Image 2: Ackerman, D. (2009) Market Share of leading companies in PC sector in Apple drops to No.5 in laptop sales- are cheaper MacBooks the answer?. cnet News, 16 July 2009. [Online image].Available from [Accessed on 24 December 2009]. Image 3: iStyles ( 2009) HP provides Laptop skins: Bend it HP Mini skin , [Online image],Available from [Accessed on 8 January 2010]. Image 4: Reid, R. ( 2007 ) Dell offering 1420N in different colours in Dell multicolour laptops: XPS M1330, Inspiron 1520 and 1720 [Online Image]. Available at [Accessed on 8 January 2010]. Image 5: Albany Law School (2008) Students in classrooms with laptops: showing growing need of laptops in student life, [Online Image]. Available from [Accessed on 8 January 2010]. Image 6: Cooke John (2008) Relationship between Product, customer and Business, [Online Image]. Available From [Accessed on 8 January 2010]. Image 7: Smith Amy (2008) Apples aim Students with apple laptops, [Online Image]. Available from [Accessed on 9 January 2010]. Image 8: Secondary Data (2008) Reference model for understanding sources of primary n secondary data, [Online Image] .Available from [Accessed on 9 January 2010]. Image 9: Point Marketing Limited (2008) Identifying the target group for research sampling,[Online Image].Available from [Accessed on 2 January 2010]. Image 10: Vrontis, D., Thrassou, A. (2007) Framework of the classical business-consumer relationship In A new conceptual framework for business- consumer relationships. Marketing Intelligence Planning, Vol. 25, No. 7.

Process Of Cross Domain Mapping Psychology Essay

Process Of Cross Domain Mapping Psychology Essay The conceptual metaphor theory studies the cognitive process of cross-domain mapping. Discuss the mechanism of metaphoric mapping. In particular, you should address the difference between linguistic metaphors and conceptual metaphors; (b) the relationship between primary metaphors and compound metaphors; and (c) the relationship between conceptual metaphors and the embodied experiences Metaphor is the phenomenon whereby we talk and think about one thing in terms of another, as when a difficult enterprise is described as a battle. (Semino, 2008, p.1) That being said, metaphor is a form of figurative language and it was viewed as a characteristic of language and words, rather than a vehicle of thought, experiences and act, like it is viewed in nowadays. The way metaphor is characterised is by the schematic form of A is B, as in Achilles is a lion (Evans and Green, p.293). In this example a word or a phrase are applied to something which is not accurately applicable, and metaphor is created. However after the 1970s, Cognitive linguists argued that metaphor is a central feature of human language. In the field of Cognitive Linguistics, where our conceptual system is examined it has been found that our ordinary conceptual system, in terms of which we both think and act, is fundamentally metaphorical in nature. (Lakoff and Johnson, 1980, p.3) This statement hence implies that everything we do, or think we do it in a way that it is metaphorical. According to Lakoff through the way we conceive one mental domain in relation to another, metaphor has now obtained the meaning of a cross domain mapping in the conceptual system. The aim of this essay is to introduce conceptual metaphor theory: a framework which studies the cognitive process of cross-domain mapping, and the mechanism of metaphoric mapping, as well as conceptual metaphors and the difference they have with linguistic metaphors. Also, the relationship primary and compound metaphors have as they are both derived subsecti ons of conceptual metaphors, and lastly the relationship conceptual metaphors have with embodied experiences. Cognitive Linguistics Enterprise The field or better enterprise, of Cognitive linguistics arose firstly in the early 1970s. It basically revolves around the symbolic and interactive functions of language as well as the systematic structure the language has. Cognitive linguistics enterprise has two key commitments and it also has to do with cognitive semantics and cognitive approaches to grammar. It basically examines the embodied mind and the connections the mind has with language. Cognitive linguists like other linguists attempt to describe and account for linguistic systematicity, structure and function. Nevertheless the difference from Linguistics is that for cognitive linguistics, language reflects patterns of thought; therefore, to study language is to study patterns of conceptualisation. (Evans and Green, 2006, p.20) Thus, Cognitive Linguistics deals mostly with the relationship the mind and the language share as cognitive linguists believe that through language peoples thoughts and experiences are revealed. Taking into further consideration the two key commitments in Cognitive linguistics which were introduced by George Lakoff and both distinguish Cognitive linguistics, as they make the individual enterprise it is. As it is stated by Evans and Green the Generalisation Commitment which is a commitment to the characterisation of general principles that are responsible for all aspects of human language and the Cognitive commitment which provides a characterisation of the general principles for language that corresponds with what is already known about the mind and brain from other disciplines. (Evans and Green, p.27) Both of this commitments mark the study of cognitive linguistics and they are followed by all cognitive linguists. Their importance is really great as they are the starting point and the foundation for all the methods and theories that are engaged by the two main studies of cognitive linguistics, cognitive semantics and cognitive grammar: two fields of cognitive linguistics wh ich study the mind and grammar. What is more, in Cognitive linguistics the relationship between language, mind and experience through the embodied cognition is also one of the key facts and research within cognitive linguistics. The main argument of cognitive linguistics is that the human mind and conceptual organisation are functions of the ways in which our species-specific bodies interact with the environment we inhabit. Cognitive linguistics disagree with Noam Chomsky and his theory of Generative Grammar as given the Generalisation Commitment which argues that areas of language like polysemy or metaphor share central organising theories, several areas of language are indeed foregrounded. Metaphor is a key subject of study in Cognitive Linguistics as cognitive linguistics study the relationship of language and the mind, how our thoughts are connected with our language. Metaphors are not just a stylistically attractive way of expressing ideas by means of language, but a way of thinking about things. (Ungerer and Schid, p.118) Hence, metaphor is a key subject in cognitive linguistics as metaphor reflects the way we think and also create a new meaning in several areas of our language. Conceptual Metaphor Theory As it has been stated in the title, Conceptual Metaphor Theory studies the cognitive process of cross-domain mapping, which simply means that it studies the mental course or development of metaphor. It is a framework which was firstly introduced by Lakoff and Johnson in 1980. Through this framework metaphors are created and distinguished as parts of language and speech. The basic principle of Conceptual Metaphor Theory is that metaphor is not only a literary feature of language but the way individuals think is metaphorical in general. There are some key aspects which underlie Conceptual Metaphor Theory and the way this framework emerges in Cognitive Linguistics. In short, Conceptual Metaphor Theory is concerned with the mapping of inferences from source to target (ofx, p.191) Firstly, the fact that conceptual metaphor is unidirectional, which means metaphors have one specific direction from source to target and it cannot change. This notion of unidirectionality affirms that metaphors usually move from the more concrete to a more abstract way of thinking. For instance: Secondly, is motivation for source and target. As it was stated above mappings are unidirectional and this raises the question if there is a specific pattern which can direct and point out the domains which typically operate as source and target domains. Kovecses argued that the most common domains for metaphorical mappings include domains relating to the HUMAN BODY (the heart of the problem), ANIMALS (a sly fox) and much more, and concerning the target domain he found that the most common target domains is for example the ones which consider EMOTION (she was deeply moved), THOUGHT (I see your point). Therefore, target concepts seem to be more mental, whereas source concepts can be characterized as more solid or physical. According to cognitive linguistics our basic knowledge of A is B and our natural way to experience and join the concepts creating metaphors. Moreover, metaphorical entailment is another key aspect of Conceptual Metaphor theory. Conceptual metaphors sometimes provide extra information through the metaphoric mappings which are called entailments. What is more, the fact that conceptual metaphors interact with each other, they cost the creation of complex metaphor systems, something which was found also by Lakoff and Johnson. These complex metaphor systems are collections of more schematic metaphorical mappings that structure a range of more specific metaphors like LIFE IS A JOURNEY (Evans and Green, p.229) Due to this Lakoff created a system, called the Event Structure Metaphor, illustrating metaphors which interact in the understanding of expressions. Taking the example above of the metaphor LIFE IS A JOURNEY we can acknowledge that this metaphor can create several articulate examples as it is structured from the event structure metaphor. Additionally, another key aspect of the Conceptual Metaphor Theory is the conceptual nature of metaphor. As it was stated before, in Cognitive linguistics metaphor is an indication of someones thoughts and experiences. Many conceptual theorists claim that conceptual metaphor is based in our basic experiences. Last but not least a significant idea in Conceptual metaphor theory is related to hiding and highlighting as several metaphors can hide or highlight certain information. An example is given in Evans and Greens with the metaphor AN ARGUMENT IS A JOURNEY as this metaphor highlights the progressive and organisational aspects of arguments while hiding the confrontational aspects (Evans and green, p, 304). For example: She will follow step by step her recovery instructions. This metaphor is keen on highlighting the continuity and development the arguments has. In this way metaphors can highlight the importance of the concept. Another really important notion of conceptual metaphor theory is the theory of image schemas. The theory of image schemas is part of cognitive semantics and it is also related to metaphor as image schemas are dealing with an individuals bodily experiences and they are derived from interaction with and observation of the world.(Evans and Green, p.182) Image schemas work as a supporting structure for human thought (Oakley oxf p,214) as the basic correlations help us understand the events and actions taking place in the world around us relating some aspects of life like presence and existence. Culture-dependent evaluations differ from culture to culture as they describing the characteristics of it. According to Oakley, in a few words, an image schema is a condensed redescription of perceptual experience for the purpose of mapping spatial structure onto conceptual structure. (Oakley oxf, p.215) Therefore, image schemas help us improve our knowledge and understanding of metaphor as accord ing to Lakoff and Johnson they can function as source domains for metaphoric mapping. (Evans and Green, p.300) For example, our image-schematic concept COUNTERFORCE arises from the experience of being unable to proceed because some opposing force is resisting our attempt to move forward. (Evans and Green, p.301) According to Lakoff what is really remarkable is that peoples abstract thoughts which are enabled by metaphor, have an image-schematic and therefore embodied basis. What is more, Invariance is also an important principle of image schemas concerning some restrictions in metaphors as not all the source domains can serve and it is a principle which explains the gaps invariance principle basically explains all the gaps in conceptual metaphor theory like why DEATH cant be described metaphorically as a TEACHER but instead is described as a DESTROYER All of the above are key aspects of the Conceptual Metaphor Theory as they mark the way target and source domains work in order to create conceptual mappings. The mechanism of metaphoric mapping Mapping is a greatly important feature of Conceptual metaphor theory as it marks the way metaphors work by joining source to target domains. The mapping scope of a metaphor is best understood as a set of constraints regulating which correspondences are eligible for mapping from a source concept into a chosen target concept. The mapping scopes of metaphors reflect our conceptual experiences in dealing with the world around us (Ungerer and Schmid, p.119). That being set, according to Langacker our thoughts and experiences are organised in several domains. Domains are based on our knowledge and understanding of language and the meaning of the words. Without understanding a domain we would not be able to make any usage of the terms that apply to it. In cognitive linguistics, source domain and target domain are the two main roles that metaphors can have. Source domain is the domain of the metaphorical expressions we use and the target domain is the one that we are trying to comprehend. Th e figure below indicates the basic elements that substitute the mechanism of metaphorical mapping: the source and target concept, the mapping between them and the mapping scope. C:UsersOwnerPictures1winteruhhh8.png Figure 1 Therefore, mapping is a set of connections between essential features of the source and target domain as in order to understand a conceptual metaphor you have to be aware of the set of mappings which apply to the particular source and target combination. This mechanism of metaphoric mapping is stimulated by image schemas, discussed above as a key subject of the conceptual metaphor theory. A primary tenet of this theory is that metaphors are matter of thought and not merely of language: hence, the term  conceptual metaphor. The metaphor may seem to consist of words or other linguistic expressions that come from the terminology of the more concrete conceptual domain, but conceptual metaphors underlie a system of related metaphorical expressions that appear on the linguistic surface.   which are pre-linguistic schemas concerning space, time, moving, controlling, and other core elements of embodied human experience. is largely metaphorically constructed, and thereby reflects a  cognitive bias  unique to humans that uses embodied prototypical processes (e.g. counting, moving along a path) that are understood by all human beings through their experiences Moreover, metaphoric mappings are used in order to help us understand metaphors and the structure of our thoughts. Mapping scopes have three major components: image schemas, basic correlations and culture-dependent evaluations. Metaphoric mapping also has some major source and target concepts used. Figure 2 Major source and target concepts of metaphorical mappings Source as well as the target concepts are the foundational metaphors as they show the direction of the metaphor and all of them are the starting points for the other linguistic expressions to follow. For instance the target concept of TIME is based to the metaphor: TIME IS MONEY. This metaphor is a conceptual metaphor and it not only conceptualizes the development of the metaphoric expression but they also show how they are linked as they all follow the conceptual structure that the conceptual metaphor illustrates. According to Lakoff and Johnson in cognitive linguistics we conceptualize the notion of TIME in terms of MONEY, showing that we understand the fact that time is something valuable. The conceptual metaphor TIME IS MONEY shows that people can acknowledge the importance of time and the fact that they measure their time as something significant in their lives. What is more, the metaphor TIME IS MONEY serves as a core expression giving the direction and meaning to the linguisti c expressions that will follow. For instance: TIME IS MONEY I dont have time to see you. Is he really worth your time? It took ages to dye my hair. All of this linguistic expressions following TIME IS MONEY show an acknowledgement of the mapping structure, and the way the mapping works in terms of target and source. In Cognitive Linguistics metaphors are establishing a theoretical link, amongst a source and a target concept. What is more, there are different mapping scopes, as cognitive metaphors achieve different cognitive functions: Firstly lean mapping between specific concrete source concepts and concrete target concepts is primarily used to highlight individual aspects of the target concept. For instance giving a characterization to person as George is a lion. Secondly rich mapping The mechanism of metaphoric mapping establishes and the difference between linguistic metaphors and conceptual metaphors as conceptual metaphors are the ones who give the concept and the direction of the linguistic expression that will follow. The difference between linguistic metaphors and Conceptual metaphors Taking everything into account, as it was stated above in Cognitive linguistics, metaphor is something which exists in our everyday life and it is vital as well as fundamental. It is not just figurative language used in several poems or books but on the contrary, it is used on a regular everyday basis as our mental system grasps several concepts metaphorically. Hence, the way we think or express ourselves can be considered metaphorical. Linguistic metaphors as well as Conceptual metaphors are both a way of communicating in language. The difference that they share though is that conceptual metaphors are considered to be the foundation and the way the A is B mapping works. Linguistic metaphors are the ones that follow. Conceptual metaphors are the metaphors that conceptualize what we think and how we think as they are drawing the direction from source to target domain. They can be described as the whole idea or the metaphor which establishes the linguistic expressions that will follow afterwards and the train of thought which are constructed about as all of the expressions share something in common. Within Cognitive Linguistics the term metaphor is understood to refer to a pattern of conceptual association, rather to an individual metaphorical usage or a linguistic convention. (Grady, OXF, p.188) According to Grady in Cognitive Linguistics What really distinguishes metaphorical linguistic expressions between conceptual metaphors is the fact that all the metaphorical linguistic expressions come from language and they can, for instance imply on the term of life which is derived from the domain of journey. The corresponding conceptual metaphor that they make manifest is LIFE IS A JOURNEY. Conceptual metaphors are showed in capital letters in order to demonstrate the fact that is not used in language but instead they underlie all the metaphorical expressions listed underneath a conceptual metaphor which are the linguistic metaphors. Conceptual metaphors have two different domains. The conceptual domain from which we draw metaphorical expressions to understand another conceptual domain is called source domain, while the conceptual domain that is understood this way is the target domain. Thus, LIFE, ARGUMENTS, LOVE, THEORY and others are considered target domains, while JOURNEYS, WAR, BUILDINGS, and others are source domains . (Kovecses, p.4) We try to understand the target domain through the use of the source domain. As it was stated in the above paragraphs, in cognitive linguistics metaphor is something which exists in our everyday life and it is vital as well as central. It is not just figurative language used in several poems or books; on the contrary it is used on a regular everyday basis, when people think or speak. Conceptual metaphors can be described as the whole idea or the metaphor which establishes the linguistic expressions that will follow afterwards and the train of thought which are constructed about as all of the expressions share something in common. For instance: The relationship between primary metaphors and compound metaphors As it was examined by Murphy in 1996 Conceptual Metaphor Theory carries a problem concerning the target domain and its structure, which limits the metaphorical mappings and entailments that can apply, and at the same time that the target domain is abstract in the sense that is not clearly delineated According to Grady there are two types of conceptual metaphor: primary metaphor and compound metaphor. Both primary and compound metaphors are constituents of conceptual metaphor. Primary metaphors differ from compound metaphors but at the same time they share a relationship. According to Grady primary metaphors relate two simple concepts from distinct domains. In contrast, compound metaphors relate entire complex domains of experience. (Evans and Green, p.307) Threfore, the idea that rises is that they are both conceptual metaphors, instead primary metaphors link different concepts from different domains rather than linking entire domains like compound metaphors do. Lakoff and Johnson and Grady and Johnson claim that humans from very early on form experiential correlations, which they call primary metaphors. As instances of such basic metaphors AFFECTION IS WARMTH, DIFFICULTIES ARE BURDENS, and KNOWING IS SEEING, among others, have been proposed. A feeling of warmth is often concomitant with an affectionate embrace. The above authors see primary metaphors as the atomic building blocks of more complex metaphors. ( oxford book. Chapter 10 metonymy panther and Thornburg) p.245 The relationship between conceptual metaphors and embodied experiences Conceptual metaphors are greatly linked with our embodied experiences as our experiences help us in order to understand and conceptualize metaphors. An important observation about conceptual metaphors is that many of their source domains reflect significant patterns of bodily experience. (Gibbs Jr, 2003, 1192) For instance when we talk about love as LOVE IS A JOURNEY, we refer to the notion of love as an experience we feel, and it has a starting point, an ending or a destination. We experience the idea of love and through metaphors we express our experiences. Therefore our experiences and memories help us in order to construct conceptual metaphors in our minds. Conclusion All in all, to conclude, metaphors are part of our way of expressing ourselves, thoughts, as well as experiences, in our everyday life. Through conceptual metaphors which mark the destination and the theme of the linguistic expressions, people express their thoughts and experiences.

The Benefits of Prolonging and Separating Vaccines Essay examples -- V

Parents today have many concerns for the well being of their child. One big apprehension is what vaccines are being introduced into their infant’s small bodies and the many adverse reactions they cause. In our current generation, infants are injected with up to 31 vaccines just in their first year of life (CDC, 2015). Life threatening diseases are prevented with such vaccines, but parents are often left to wonder, how many of these vaccines are even necessary. Many of the vaccines are given in combinations; sometimes three or more disease fighting vaccines are given in one inoculation. There is continued clinical research to increase efficiency of these vaccines, changing the components of the vaccines, making them vastly different from what they were in generations past. Separating these vaccines can make a large difference in how a child’s body reacts to the new generation of vaccines. Vaccines can not only be separated out of the combinations that are most com mon, they can be prolonged. Some parents choose to give vaccines only every six months, others choose to wait to start any vaccinations until their child is two years of age (Miller, 2014). Parents have choices today, follow the recommended dosage schedule or prolong and separate their child’s vaccines. In doing the latter, and infant’s body systems have time to mature, side effects may be reduced, and parents will be more willing to vaccinate.â€Æ' Prolonging and Separating Infant Vaccinations There are many reason parents choose to vaccinate or not. Side effects and fears of permanent adverse reactions are among the biggest of parent fears when considering when and how to vaccinate their child. With the emergence of fears of autism, neurological problems, develop... ...ines/multiplevaccines.html Fisher, Barbara. (2011). Vaccine Safety: Evaluating the Science. Medical Science and Public Trust: The Policy, Ethics and Law of Vaccination in the 20th and 21st Century. Retrieved from http://www.nvic.org/getdoc/6cd24653-fd19-49e5-842a-3917e15de533/Medical-Science---Public-Trust.aspx#top Dr. Miller, Donald. (2014). LewRockwell.com. A User-Friendly Vaccination Schedule. Retrieved from http://www.lewrockwell.com/miller/miller15.html Morales, Tatiana. (2014). CBSNews. To Vaccinate or Not. Retrieved from http://www.cbsnews.com/stories/2014/12/04/earlyshow/contributors/emilysenay/main531638.shtml Stratton, Kathleen, Wilson, Christopher & McCormick, Marie. (2002). Under Review: Multiple Immunizations and Immune Dysfunction. Immunization Safety Review. (Pgs. 32-42). Retrieved from http://www.nap.edu/openbook.php?record_id=10306&page=32

Review Of An Inspector Calls :: essays research papers

  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã¢â‚¬Å"An Inspector calls† takes place in 1912, where there are great social divisions and distinctions. Written by JB Priestley in 1945 this allows for hindsight which eventually leads to dramatic irony. There are many examples of this, all of which are said by Mr Birling, â€Å"Just because the Kaiser makes a speech or two, you’ll hear some people saying that war is inevitable. Well I say to that - fiddlesticks† This play was first published after the second world war and so the audience will know just how wrong Mr Birling really is. Mr Birling also makes a statement about the ill-fated Titanic. â€Å"Unsinkable, absolutely unsinkable.† The audience should know the tale of the Titanic very well and this just demonstrates again how wrong Mr Birling can be. I think that the hindsight and the dramatic irony was used because it helps to better establish the time period of the play and it also shows that Mr Birling isn’t nearly as clever as he thinks he is.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Mr Birling as he put it is a â€Å".....hard headed,practical business man.† and it seems he is not much more than that. He is not much of a father to Eric or Sheila ,although he does love them he is not very good at showing it. What he does now how to do however is run a business. Also he is very ignorant as I illustrated earlier, with his â€Å"predictions† which couldn’t have been more wrong. Mr Birling acted very authoritive with Inspector Goole and was completely taken aback when the Inspector didn’t treat him with the respect he thought he deserved. He is also ruthless, as it is proven when at least twice he offered the Inspector a bribe just to keep his mouth shut. When everything comes out about Eva Smith he is more worried about his reputation than the fact that he helped in leading a young girl to suicide. And when it turns out that there is no Inspector Goole he feels much better because he knows now nothing will come of it. I don’t think it would have mattered whether Eva had been a lie or not, Mr Birling would never learn anything.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Sheila Birling is much more considerate and distressed when she hears of Eva Smiths death. She believes she is partly responsible with the rest of her family and Fiance. I think Sheila was jealous of Eva Smith as when she was in Millwards ,a shop at where the Birlings were very good customers, she got Eva Smith sacked because she thought Eva was laughing at her expense.

Impact of Information Technology in Organizations Essay

What Is Information Technology (IT)?Information technology is one of the very advancing and in-demand technologies of this era. Ever since this technology has emerged, it has heavily dominated many organizations and firms providing them with efficient way of work. Before indulging into the depth of this technology with respect to organizations, it is first important to get a brief idea about what information technology really is. Information technology basically involves all the things that are related to the technology and science of computer and telecommunication systems. Information Technology is concerned with developing technology into something more fruitful. Information technology is inclusive of both rational and technological elements. On the other side, technological elements comprise of terms and conditions of information technology that are needed for logical structure of a system (Kalam 1, 2000). In other words, it can be said that information technology includes both computer hardware and software like voice, telecommunication stuff, multimedia and so forth. Therefore, information technology is helpful for inserting, extracting or processing information (Kalam 1, 2000). It must be clear to all that information technology is not just limited to computer oriented areas, but also helpful in departments of telecommunication, micro graphics, various firms and other support services. Internet technology is also termed as â€Å"the information revolution† at many instances and as Information and Communications Technology at other instances. Information technology makes life easier for everyday places especially large organizations and places like libraries and is very helpful in managing all types of information in form of databases. Since information technology relies heavily on computers, many firms and educational institutes call their computer departments as IT departments. Such department is also called Information Services (IS) or Management Information Services (MIS) in several organizations (Jidaw, 2008). Most of the advanced Information Technology Department involves the usage of computers, servers, database management systems, and cryptography. The people needed in such departments are System Administrators, Database Administrators, and Technology Manager and these people are supposed to send all reports to Chief Information Officer (CIO). Since many companies are  really concerned about the security and privacy of the information within them, the scope of job inside Information Technology organization is very high and the data security and server experts get highly paid for their jobs (Schneider, 2008). Impact of Information Technology in the SocietyWith respect to ongoing theories and justifications about the modern changes in the world, it has been justified that this era of humans is in the middle of a third big revolution. Early revolution included innovations and strides in agriculture, mechanization, and industrialization. The third one and the recent one is the Information Revolution. The development in the technology of information and communication has been taking place for nearly hundred years and the growth is still at its pace. It is amazing how easily one piece of information can be transferred from one corner of the world to another in just a blink of an eye. People can exchange all kinds of information to people all over the world or just to a specific group of people. In this ever changing and modernized society, information technology plays a significant part in many aspects. This approach has proposed fresh business offers and advancements in many organizations. Information technology supplies the organizations with firm communication deals that are helpful for the firms to develop the business at a worldwide level very easily. In order to organize a long chain of distributors, dealers, and purchasers, all the organizations have set up global information systems. These global information systems help in keeping a track of placed orders, delivered products, and payments made all over the world. All the credit goes to the advancement in internet technology which has made all these things possible and made them easy to handle. The setup of basic information is made in such a way that at the lowest stage, there are servers comprising of one operating system. Software like database and web serving are usually installed on these servers, making them interconnected with each other and to the users through the help of a network infrastructure. The users who have access to these servers are facilitated with their personal â€Å"hardware, operating systems, and software tools† (Alexandrou). Basic Elements of Information TechnologyBefore jumping in the depth of the  impact of information technology in organizations, it will be handy to learn about the basic elements of information technology so that it will make it easy to comprehend this technology. As it was already mentioned that information technology can be described as such kind of technology which is needed to develop information into something more fruitful. Specifically it can be deduced that employing computer and its software to convert, save, progress, send, and extract information is what information technology is all about. The following technologies are the important technologies generated from information technology:1- Computer Hardware Technologies:Such technologies comprise of personal computers, powerful servers that are maintained by devices that sends, retrieves, and saves information. 2- Telecommunication and Network Technologies:Technologies linked with networking and telecommunication enhance the level of communication between organizations as they comprise of telecommunications media and related software that is both wired and wireless and are helpful for Internet and other networks. 3- Computer Software Technologies:Such technologies comprise of all kinds of software and web browsers useful in educational institutes and business organizations. 4- Data Resource Management Technologies:Such kind of technologies involve all the things needed to maintain a database for a company or institute (Kawatra 25, 2000). Impact of Information Technology on Various InstitutionsWhen the term institution comes, it does not point out to one specific workplace or anything of that sort, instead all the organizations, companies, firms, and schools can be categorized under the word institution. Organizations are divided according to their role and management policies. This portion will now briefly talk about how information technology has affected these institutions in helping them gain success. 1- Governments:Government itself comprises of various branches and  institutions, and each of the institution of government has a particular area to deal with. With the advancements in information technology, all the government institutes have also developed a lot to and have provided the citizens with better services. Not just this, but also, this advancement has heavily improved the security abilities of government by helping them design better and improved weapons and tools for the war and for military and army people (Kawatra 27, 2000). B2 Bomber is one such example of a plane which came into being solely due to the advancement in information technology and modern computer methods. Along with this, government can also keep sensitive information about anything in a safe environment, without the fear of it getting extracted by unauthorized people. 2- Commercial Businesses:Commercial businesses play a vital role in today’s time and therefore, without any doubt, it can be said that the innovations and strides made have affected such businesses too. The extremely vital part played by information technology in such businesses is to supply benefits to the world of commercials. These benefits are achieved by the commercial businesses by the help of the newly progressed software like application software and operating systems (Kumar 104, 2000). Since television is the most entertaining and quick form of showing things all over the world at the same time, commercial businesses have taken the full advantage from this. 3- News & Media Organizations:All the work done by news & media organizations is relied totally on computers and therefore this shows how information technology has put an impact on them. Every task performed by information technology is also needed by news and media organizations, like saving information, sending it out to people, creating information and so forth (Ritendra 42, 2005). Hence, it can be seen how important the information technology is for such organizations. 4- Educational Organizations:Along with providing benefits and advantages to business-oriented organizations, information technology has even influenced the educational organizations. The advancements in information technology has made it very easy for the students as well as the faculty members to pretty much search anything on the Internet, exchange any personal  information via emails and share any knowledgeable things on forums and groups (Meadowcroft, 2000). Impact of Information Technology on Undergraduate EducationEvery industrialized nation has government bodies which try to integrate and coordinate the level of technological progress which aids in the foundation and establishment of educational institutes. Along with having a qualified faculty, it is significant to have information technology as part of the undergraduate education systems. Having information or computer department does not mean that it should only be available to the people of that area; instead students should be involved too by doing presentations, and working on other such things. Faculty members and undergraduate students can use computer facilities to take the full advantage of this technology on their finger tips. This technology has increased the ease of gaining information and decreased the hassle of worrying about the time it would have taken to seek information otherwise (Williams). The following impacts have been put by those tools:1) These tools help students in copying, presenting, researching and understanding the real-life oriented scientific complications which helps in building the examining capability in students. 2) Information technology helps in building the teamwork and learning capabilities among the students and helps them to solve matters and problems by searching and discussing with each other. 3) As information technology is advancing day by day, this is also bringing rapid changes in the formation and distribution of educational tools. 4) The proper and frequent use of information technology can help in providing an efficient educational system. 5) Information technology also helps the students of one part of the world to interact with the students in other parts of the world (Williams, 1996). Impact of Information Systems & Technology on OrganizationsIt will be doubtless to say that nowadays, majority of the organizations, whether  private or government, rely a lot on information systems. Thus, it can be said that information technology has become truly mixed with all sorts of businesses. Organizations, like telecommunications or finance, involve efficient usage of information technology in order for them to exist successfully. Ever since the concept of e-commerce has started, this technology plays a vital and significant role in carrying out any business. Organizations are not only employing information technology to improve old ways of business deals, but are also employing it to discover fresh and innovative chances in order to gain success. Though employing old methods and approaches will not do any harm, but they will not lead to a lot of success in the future and will just maintain a stable outcome for the organizations. For instance, there are several banks and insurance companies that still rely on such systems which were introduced nearly 30 years ago (Bharadwaj 169, 2000). ConclusionIn the end, it can be concluded that the advancements and progresses in information technology in firms and organizations have undoubtedly brought a noticeable revolution. Information technology has led to ideas and notions that not only improve merely one organization, but also increases competition among various organizations to do something better and efficient. Every organization wants to be the best one and therefore, for that purpose it always keeps on looking for advancements and ways to employ them in order to turn itself into a superior and flourishing one. As pressure is building inside organizations and improvements are being made in technologies, all the organizations are making efforts to utilize these technologies and gain success and prosperity from them. There is no doubt that as things are becoming advanced, they are providing easier and quicker way of performing tasks while giving better results every time. Obvious improvements can be seen in all areas of businesses due to the magic spread by the information technology. New approaches and techniques are followed and implemented by all business organizations and training is being given to people of different firms for the sake of making them experts. The story does not end here, there are yet more advancement expected in information technology and as more tools and technologies will be developed, people will be able to succeed more and the competition will increase. Information  technology is a good base for those interested in computers to have their career in this field, as this field will not only give a start to their careers but it also promises success and progresses in the upcoming years. Educational institutes teach information technology as a separate subject in schools, which shows the importance of this technology and the role it plays in everyday life. It can be deduced that information technology is a necessity of daily life and is a food for prosperity. References: 1-Jidaw Systems Limited, 2008, ‘What is Information Technology?’, < http://www.jidaw.com/itsolutions/whatisit.html>2-Laura Schneider, 2008, ‘Information Technology – Definition and History’, Tech Careers Guide, 3-Alexandrou, M. (n.d.), ‘Definition of information technology,’ 4-Goel (Ritendra), 2005, ‘Fundamentals of information technology,’ Lucknow: Paragon. 5-Kawatra, P. S., (2000), ‘Textbook of information sciences’, New Delhi: A.P.H. Pub. 6-Abdul Kalam, A. P. J,2001, February 3-9, ‘Knowledge society,’ Employment News7-Meadowcroft, B, 2001, ‘The impact of information technology on work and society,’ from 8-Kumar, K., Singh, S. P, 2000, ‘From information society to knowledge society,’ Journal of Library and Information Science, 25(2), 104-111. 9-Luther S. Williams, 1996, ‘Information Technology: Its Impact on Undergraduate Education in Science, Mathematics, Engineering, and Technology,’ Report on an NSF Workshop, National Science Foundation. 10-A. Bharadwaj, ‘A resource-based perspective on information technology and firm performance: An empirical investigation’, MIS Quarterly, Vol. 24, No. 1, 2000, 169-196.